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Topische Immunmodulation in der Dermatologie

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Zusammenfassung

Immunmodulatoren umfassen sowohl immunstimulatorische als auch immunsuppressive Medikamente. Das Konzept der Immuntherapie ist bereits seit mehr als 100 Jahren bekannt, jedoch wurden die grundlegenden Mechanismen erst in der jüngsten Vergangenheit aufgeklärt und verstanden. Die zur topischen Immuntherapie verwendeten obligaten Kontaktsensibilisatoren, wie z. B. Diphencypron (DCP) oder Dinitrochlorobenzol (DNCB), wirken gegen virale und vermutlich auch autoimmune Erkrankungen. Neuere Agenzien wie die Toll-like-Rezeptor-Agonisten Imiquimod und Resiquimod können zur Therapie viraler Infektionen und Hautkrebs bei immunkompetenten und immunsupprimierten Patienten eingesetzt werden. Die kürzlich entdeckten immunstimulatorischen CpG-Sequenzen sind aufgrund ihrer Adjuvanseigenschaften evtl. geeignet, die Effizienz konventioneller Vakzinierungen gegen Krebs, Atopie oder Allergien zu erhöhen. Bei den Immunsuppressoren werden topisch wirksames Tacrolimus und Pimecrolimus mit großem Erfolg zur Behandlung chronisch-entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen eingesetzt. Durch Einführung dieser neuen Medikamentenklassen hat das Post-Kortisonzeitalter der Dermatologie begonnen. Die vorhandenen und weitere Toll-like-Rezeptor-Agonisten und Calcineurin-Antagonisten werden in Ergänzung zu Kortikosteroiden die spezifische dermatologische Therapie verbessern helfen. Die topische Immuntherapie mit immunstimulatorischen und immunsuppressiven Agenzien birgt großes Potenzial für eine effektive und patientenfreundliche Behandlung verschiedener infektiöser, maligner und entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen. Langzeituntersuchungen werden die Verträglichkeit und das Sicherheitsprofil dieser Substanzen erkennen lassen.

Abstract

Immunomodulators include both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive agents. The concept of immunotherapy emerged some 100 years ago, but only recently have its basic mechanisms been elucidated. Obligate contact sensitizers such as diphencyprone or dinitrochlorobenzene have been used against viral and autoimmune diseases. Newer agents such as the toll-like-receptor agonists imiquimod and resiquimod have been clinically used to treat viral infections and skin cancers in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Due to their adjuvant properties, the recently discovered immunostimulatory CpG sequences may improve conventional vaccination against cancer, atopy and allergies. On the other hand, the topical immunosuppressive agents tacrolimus and pimecrolimus have been used with great success in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases in children and adults. The introduction of this new class of drugs (i.e Calcineurin inhibitors) marked the beginning of the post-cortisone era in clinical dermatology. The available and additional toll-like-receptor agonists and calcineurin antagonists will supplement corticosteroids to improve specific dermatological therapy. Topical immunotherapy with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive agents show potential for effective and patient-friendly treatment of inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic skin diseases. Long-term evaluation will define the tolerability and the safety profile.

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Correspondence to U. R. Hengge.

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Meykadeh, N., Hengge, U.R. Topische Immunmodulation in der Dermatologie. Hautarzt 54, 641–662 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-003-0556-8

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