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Tissue Engineering für Herzklappen und Gefäße

Tissue engineering for heart valves and vascular grafts

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Zusammenfassung

Der prothetische Ersatz von Herzklappen und Gefäßen ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der Chirurgie. Die derzeit erhältlichen Implantate haben jedoch eine Reihe von Nachteilen, beispielsweise eine begrenzte Haltbarkeit bei biologischen Herzklappen, die Anfälligkeit für Infektionen und die Notwendigkeit einer lebenslangen Antikoagulationstherapie bei künstlichen Herzklappen als auch eine reduzierte Offenheitsrate bei kleinkalibrigen Gefäßprothesen. Mit Hilfe des Tissue Engineering auf der Grundlage von Polymer- oder dezellularisierten biologischen Matrizes könnten in Zukunft ideale Herzklappen und Gefäße hergestellt werden. Die Matrix dient als Gerüst auf dem sich körpereigene Zellen entweder in vitro in einem Bioreaktor oder nach Implantation in vivo zu vaskulärem oder Herzklappengewebe entwickeln können. Die Matrix wird bei der Entstehung des neuen vitalen Gewebes entweder hydrolisiert oder metabolisiert. Diese Übersichtsarbeit fasst die aktuellen experimentellen und klinischen Konzepte zusammen.

Abstract

Current prosthetic substitutes for heart valves and blood vessels have numerous limitations such as limited durability (biological valves), susceptibility to infection, the necessity of lifelong anticoagulation therapy (prosthetic valves), and reduced patency in small-caliber grafts, for example. Tissue engineering using either polymers or decellularised native allogeneic or xenogenic heart valve/vascular matrices may provide the techniques to develop the ideal heart valve or vascular graft. The matrix scaffold serves as a basis on which seeded cells can organise and develop into the valve or vascular tissue prior to or following implantation. The scaffold is either degraded or metabolised during the formation and organisation of the newly generated matrix, leading to vital living tissue. This paper summarises current research and first clinical developments in the tissue engineering of heart valves and vascular grafts.

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Notes

  1. Die kranke Aortenklappe des Patienten wird durch die körpereigene Pulmonalklappe ersetzt. An deren Position wird der – ggf. dezellularisierte – Homograft implantiert.

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  1. Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover

    O. E. Teebken, M. Wilhelmi & A. Haverich

  2. Klinik für Thorax-, Herz- und Gefäßchirurgie OE 6210, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover

    O. E. Teebken

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Teebken, O.E., Wilhelmi, M. & Haverich, A. Tissue Engineering für Herzklappen und Gefäße. Chirurg 76, 453–466 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-005-1032-z

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