Abstract
Immunization has made an enormous contribution to global health. Global vaccination coverage has dramatically improved and mortality rates among children due to vaccine-preventable diseases have been significantly reduced since the creation of the Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974, the formation of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, in 2000, and the development of the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012. However, challenges remain and persisting inequities in vaccine uptake contribute to the continued occurrence and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Inequalities in immunization coverage by geography, urban-rural, and socio-economic status jeopardize the achievement of global immunization goals and call for renewed immunization strategies. These should take into account emerging opportunities for building better immunization systems and services, as well as the development of new vaccine products and delivery technologies. Such strategies need to achieve equity in vaccination coverage across and within countries. This will require the participation of communities, a better understanding of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, the expansion of vaccination across the life course, approaches to improve immunization in middle-income countries, enhanced use of data and possible financial and non-financial incentives. Vaccines also have an important role to play in comprehensive disease control, including the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Lessons learned from disease eradication and elimination efforts of polio, measles and maternal and neonatal tetanus are instrumental in further enhancing global immunization strategies in line with the revised goals and targets of the new Immunization Agenda 2030, which is currently being developed.
Zusammenfassung
Impfungen haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich zur Verbesserung der globalen Gesundheit beigetragen. Im globalen Durchschnitt haben sich die Impfquoten signifikant verbessert, und die Kindersterblichkeit aufgrund impfpräventabler Erkrankungen ging seit Beginn des „erweiterten Impfprogramms“ (Expanded Programme on Immunization [EPI]) im Jahr 1974, der Gründung von Gavi, der Impfallianz, im Jahr 2000 und der Entwicklung des globalen Impfaktionsplans (Global Vaccine Action Plan [GVAP]) im Jahr 2012 deutlich zurück. Dennoch bleiben Herausforderungen bestehen, und die anhaltenden Unterschiede in den Impfquoten tragen dazu bei, dass weiterhin Krankheiten auftreten, die durch Impfungen vermeidbar wären. Die Ungleichheit beim Erreichen hoher Impfquoten – geographisch, aber auch nach Stadt/Land oder sozioökonomischem Status – gefährdet die globalen Impfziele und macht neue Strategien erforderlich. Hierbei sollten neue Ansätze zum Aufbau verbesserter Impfsysteme und Impfangebote sowie die Entwicklung neuer Impfstoffe und Impfstofftechnologien Berücksichtigung finden. Solche Strategien müssen zudem dafür sorgen, dass eine gerechtere Verteilung von Impfungen zwischen und innerhalb von Ländern möglich wird. Dies erfordert die Beteiligung der Bevölkerung auf lokaler Ebene, ein besseres Verständnis von Impfakzeptanz und -skepsis, die Ausweitung von Impfprogrammen über alle Lebensphasen, die Verbesserung des Impfwesens in Ländern mittleren Einkommens, die verstärkte Nutzung von Daten für die Planung und Evaluation von Impfprogrammen sowie finanzielle und nichtfinanzielle Anreize. Impfstoffe spielen zudem eine wichtige Rolle bei der umfassenden Kontrolle von Krankheiten, einschließlich der Antibiotikaresistenz. Darüber hinaus sind die Erfahrungen, die bei den Bemühungen zur Ausrottung und Eliminierung von Poliomyelitis, Masern sowie mütterlichem und neonatalem Tetanus gemacht wurden, entscheidend für die weitere Verbesserung globaler Impfstrategien im Einklang mit den überarbeiteten Zielen und Vorgaben der neuen globalen Impfagenda 2030, die gegenwärtig entwickelt wird.
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WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, BMGF, NIAID.
WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, BMGF and others.
Immunization programmes for PHC/UHC, coverage and equity, commitment and demand, outbreaks and emergencies, life course and integration, research and innovations and supply and financing.
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C. Mantel and T. Cherian declare that they have no competing interests.
For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.
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Mantel, C., Cherian, T. New immunization strategies: adapting to global challenges. Bundesgesundheitsbl 63, 25–31 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x