Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

New immunization strategies: adapting to global challenges

Neue Impfstrategien – Anpassung an globale Herausforderungen

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Abstract

Immunization has made an enormous contribution to global health. Global vaccination coverage has dramatically improved and mortality rates among children due to vaccine-preventable diseases have been significantly reduced since the creation of the Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974, the formation of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, in 2000, and the development of the Global Vaccine Action Plan in 2012. However, challenges remain and persisting inequities in vaccine uptake contribute to the continued occurrence and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Inequalities in immunization coverage by geography, urban-rural, and socio-economic status jeopardize the achievement of global immunization goals and call for renewed immunization strategies. These should take into account emerging opportunities for building better immunization systems and services, as well as the development of new vaccine products and delivery technologies. Such strategies need to achieve equity in vaccination coverage across and within countries. This will require the participation of communities, a better understanding of vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, the expansion of vaccination across the life course, approaches to improve immunization in middle-income countries, enhanced use of data and possible financial and non-financial incentives. Vaccines also have an important role to play in comprehensive disease control, including the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Lessons learned from disease eradication and elimination efforts of polio, measles and maternal and neonatal tetanus are instrumental in further enhancing global immunization strategies in line with the revised goals and targets of the new Immunization Agenda 2030, which is currently being developed.

Zusammenfassung

Impfungen haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich zur Verbesserung der globalen Gesundheit beigetragen. Im globalen Durchschnitt haben sich die Impfquoten signifikant verbessert, und die Kindersterblichkeit aufgrund impfpräventabler Erkrankungen ging seit Beginn des „erweiterten Impfprogramms“ (Expanded Programme on Immunization [EPI]) im Jahr 1974, der Gründung von Gavi, der Impfallianz, im Jahr 2000 und der Entwicklung des globalen Impfaktionsplans (Global Vaccine Action Plan [GVAP]) im Jahr 2012 deutlich zurück. Dennoch bleiben Herausforderungen bestehen, und die anhaltenden Unterschiede in den Impfquoten tragen dazu bei, dass weiterhin Krankheiten auftreten, die durch Impfungen vermeidbar wären. Die Ungleichheit beim Erreichen hoher Impfquoten – geographisch, aber auch nach Stadt/Land oder sozioökonomischem Status – gefährdet die globalen Impfziele und macht neue Strategien erforderlich. Hierbei sollten neue Ansätze zum Aufbau verbesserter Impfsysteme und Impfangebote sowie die Entwicklung neuer Impfstoffe und Impfstofftechnologien Berücksichtigung finden. Solche Strategien müssen zudem dafür sorgen, dass eine gerechtere Verteilung von Impfungen zwischen und innerhalb von Ländern möglich wird. Dies erfordert die Beteiligung der Bevölkerung auf lokaler Ebene, ein besseres Verständnis von Impfakzeptanz und -skepsis, die Ausweitung von Impfprogrammen über alle Lebensphasen, die Verbesserung des Impfwesens in Ländern mittleren Einkommens, die verstärkte Nutzung von Daten für die Planung und Evaluation von Impfprogrammen sowie finanzielle und nichtfinanzielle Anreize. Impfstoffe spielen zudem eine wichtige Rolle bei der umfassenden Kontrolle von Krankheiten, einschließlich der Antibiotikaresistenz. Darüber hinaus sind die Erfahrungen, die bei den Bemühungen zur Ausrottung und Eliminierung von Poliomyelitis, Masern sowie mütterlichem und neonatalem Tetanus gemacht wurden, entscheidend für die weitere Verbesserung globaler Impfstrategien im Einklang mit den überarbeiteten Zielen und Vorgaben der neuen globalen Impfagenda 2030, die gegenwärtig entwickelt wird.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

Notes

  1. WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, BMGF, NIAID.

  2. WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, BMGF and others.

  3. Immunization programmes for PHC/UHC, coverage and equity, commitment and demand, outbreaks and emergencies, life course and integration, research and innovations and supply and financing.

References

  1. United Nations Children’s Fund (2019) #VaccinesWork: vaccines are safe and save lives. UN News Global Perspective, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  2. Basu RN (1982) Expanded programme on immunization and primary health care. J Commun Dis 14(3):183–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bland J, Clements J (1998) Protecting the world’s children: the story of WHO’s immunization programme. World Health Forum 19(2):162–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cherian TMC (2019) National immunization programmes. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz

  5. World Health Organization (2013) Global vaccine action plan 2011–2020

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gavi The Vaccine Alliance (2019) Gavi’s strategy phase IV (2016–20) and V (2021–25)

    Google Scholar 

  7. IA2030 Consortium (2019) Immunization Agenda 2030. A global strategy to leave no one behind. W. IVB, Editor. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  8. World Health Organization (2019) Immunization coverage 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization. Accessed 22 July 2019

  9. World Health Organization (2019) Immunization coverage. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage. Accessed 22 July 2019

  10. Loharikar A et al (2016) Status of new vaccine introduction—worldwide, September 2016. Mmwr Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65(41):1136–1140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. World Health Organization (2018) Immunization today and in the next decade—assessment report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2018

    Google Scholar 

  12. World Health Organization (2018) Global vaccine action plan: report by the director-general. 71st World Health Assembly. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  13. World Health Organization (2019) WHO vaccine-preventable disease monitoring system. 2019 global summary. https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/gs_gloprofile.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2019

  14. World Health Organization (2019) Children: reducing mortality fact sheets. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/. Accessed 8 July 2019

  15. World Health Organization (2019) Subnational immunization coverage data 2019. https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/gs_gloprofile.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2019

  16. Boyce T et al (2019) Towards equity in immunisation. Euro Surveill 24(2):pii=1800204. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.2.1800204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jackson C et al (2017) Needles, Jabs and Jags: a qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators to child and adult immunisation uptake among Gypsies, Travellers and Roma. BMC Public Health 17(1):254

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Chowdhury AM et al (2003) Immunization divide: who do get vaccinated in Bangladesh? J Health Popul Nutr 21(3):193–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ettarh RR, Mutua MK, Kyobutungi C (2012) Ethnicity and delay in measles vaccination in a nairobi slum. Trop Med Health 40(2):59–62

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Restrepo-Mendez MC et al (2016) Inequalities in full immunization coverage: trends in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 94(11):794–805B

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Mindra G (2019) Unimmunized children: urban-rural differences in top 10 countries with un-and under-immunized children

    Google Scholar 

  22. Jarrett B, Duncan R et al (2017) Country Urbanization Profiles: A review of national health or immunization policies and immunization strategies. UNICEF, New York

    Google Scholar 

  23. MacDonald NE for the Decade of Vaccines Working Group (2017) Global vaccine action plan: 2017 progress report. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Meeting, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hyde TB et al (2012) The impact of new vaccine introduction on immunization and health systems: a review of the published literature. Vaccine 30(45):6347–6358

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. World Health Organization (2014) Principles and considerations for adding a vaccine to a national immunization programme. From decision to implementation and monitoring. WHO, Geneva, p 128

    Google Scholar 

  26. World Health Organization (2016) Global Routine Immunization Strategies and Practices (GRISP): a companion document to the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Van Damme P et al (2015) Commentary to: guide to tailoring immunization programmes in the WHO European Region. Vaccine 33(36):4385–4386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. World Health Organization (2019) Global health observatory data. Health equity monitor. https://www.who.int/gho/health_equity/en/. Accessed 22 July 2019

  29. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (2019) Equity in immunization. A technical guide for addressing inequities in immunization. IVD, Copenhagen

    Google Scholar 

  30. Oxman AD, Fretheim A (2008) In: An overview of research on the effects of results-based financing. Knowledge Centre for the Health Services at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  31. McQuestion M et al (2017) National legislation and spending on vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean. J Public Health Policy 38(1):3–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Travasso C (2015) Mission Indradhanush makes vaccination progress in India. BMJ 351:h4440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bhadoria AS et al (2019) National immunization programme—mission Indradhanush programme: newer approaches and interventions. Indian J Pediatr 86(7):633–638

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. World Bank (2018) The world bank in middle income countries. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mic. Accessed 28 Sept 2019

  35. Middle Income Country Task Force (2015) The middle income country strategy—enhancing sustainable access to vaccines for populations in middle-income countriesI.V. a. Biologicals, editor. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  36. Immunization, S.A.G.o.E.o. (2018) The 2018 assessment report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cernuschi T, Gaglione S, Bozzani F (2018) Challenges to sustainable immunization systems in Gavi transitioning countries. Vaccine 36(45):6858–6866

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Keller Janeen Madan GA (2019) Gavi’s role in market shaping and procurement: progress, challenegs, and recommendations for an evolving approach. Center for Global Development, London

    Google Scholar 

  39. Giersing BK et al (2017) Challenges of vaccine presentation and delivery: How can we design vaccines to have optimal programmatic impact? Vaccine 35(49 Pt A):6793–6797

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Zehrung D et al (2017) Exploring new packaging and delivery options for the immunization supply chain. Vaccine 35(17):2265–2271

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Philip RK et al (2018) Life-course immunization as a gateway to health. Expert Rev Vaccines 17(10):851–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. World Health Organization (2019) Promote health, keep the world safe, serve the vulnerable, 1st edn. WHO 13th General Programme of Work 2019–2023. WHO/PRP/18. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  43. Qazi S et al (2015) Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025. Development of the integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea. Arch Dis Child 100(Suppl 1):S23–S28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. World Health Organization (2019) Protecting all against tetanus: guid to sustaining maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination and broadening tetanus protection for all populations

    Google Scholar 

  45. World Health Organization (2018) WHO leads the way towards the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health concern. https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/cervical-cancer-public-health-concern/en/. Accessed 8 July 2019

  46. John TJ, Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (2011) Building on the success of the Expanded Programme on Immunization: enhancing the focus on disease prevention and control. Vaccine 29(48):8835–8837

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ogbuanu IU et al (2019) Can vaccination coverage be improved by reducing missed opportunities for vaccination? Findings from assessments in Chad and Malawi using the new WHO methodology. PLoS ONE 14(1):e210648

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Hanson CM et al (2018) Enhancing immunization during second year of life by reducing missed opportunities for vaccinations in 46 countries. Vaccine 36(23):3260–3268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tagliabue A, Rappuoli R (2018) Changing priorities in vaccinology: antibiotic resistance moving to the top. Front Immunol 9:1068

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Klugman KP, Black S (2018) Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: primary and secondary effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(51):12896–12901

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Wellcome Trust B (2019) Vaccines to tackle drug resistant infections. An evaluation of R&D opportunities. Wellcome Trust, London

    Google Scholar 

  52. Dagan R (2009) Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(Suppl 3):16–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rasheed MK et al (2019) Extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever in Pakistan. Lancet Infect Dis 19(3):242–243

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. UN Interagency Coordination Group on AMR (2018) Call to action on antimirobial resistance R.T.G. Ghana Government, UK Government, World Bank Group, United Nations Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Accra

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nnadi C et al (2017) Approaches to vaccination among populations in areas of conflict. J Infect Dis 216(suppl_1):S368–S372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Global Polio Eradication Initiative (2019) Polio Endgame Strategy 2019–2023: eradication, integration, certification and containment

    Google Scholar 

  57. World Health Organization (2012) Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012–2020

    Google Scholar 

  58. Morse SS et al (2012) Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. Lancet 380(9857):1956–1965

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Jones KE et al (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451(7181):990–993

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Bloom DE, Cadarette D (2019) Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: strengthening the global response. Front Immunol 10:549

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Oppenheim B et al (2019) Assessing global preparedness for the next pandemic: development and application of an Epidemic Preparedness Index. BMJ Glob Health 4(1):e1157

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. World Health Organization (2013) Vaccination in acute humanitarian emergencies: a framework for decision making, W. IVB

    Google Scholar 

  63. CEPI (2019) Coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations. https://cepi.net/about/whyweexist/. Accessed 22 July 2019

  64. WHO Research and Development Blueprint (2018) 2018 annual review of diseases prioritized under the research and development blueprint. In: Informal Consultation Geneva

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carsten Mantel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

C. Mantel and T. Cherian declare that they have no competing interests.

For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mantel, C., Cherian, T. New immunization strategies: adapting to global challenges. Bundesgesundheitsbl 63, 25–31 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-03066-x

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter