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Ultraschallgesteuerte intermediäre zervikale Plexusanästhesie

Anatomische Untersuchung

Ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block

Anatomical study

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Innervation der menschlichen Halsregion ist komplex und unterliegt einer relevanten anatomischen Variabilität. Beteiligt sind Anteile des zervikalen sowie des brachialen Plexus und auch Hirnnerven.

Ziel der Arbeit

Die Ausbreitung injizierter Farbstofflösungen durch anatomische Präparation sollte dargestellt und ein geeignetes Zielkompartiment für eine ultraschallgesteuerte Blockadetechnik definiert werden.

Material und Methoden

Eigene anatomische Präparationen werden aktuellen Übersichtsbeiträgen zum Thema gegenübergestellt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf klinisch relevanten Schlussfolgerungen für die Durchführung einer zervikalen Plexusanästhesie. An 3 intakten, unfixierten Humanpräparaten wurden insgesamt 6 ultraschallgesteuerte Blockaden des zervikalen Plexus mit je 20 ml Methylenblau durchgeführt. Das Zielkompartiment lag zwischen der Lamina superficialis und der Lamina praevertebralis der Halsfaszie. Im Anschluss erfolgten die Präparation des Plexus cervicalis und die Fotodokumentation der Ausbreitung des Injektats in der Halsregion.

Ergebnisse

In 5 Fällen wurde das Zielkompartiment korrekt identifiziert. In diesen Fällen war eine kraniokaudale Ausbreitung des Injektats innerhalb der Fasziendopplung zu beobachten. Zudem war die Lamina superficialis für das injizierte Methylenblau durchlässig. Die Injektionslösung breitete sich mit den sensiblen Endästen des Plexus cervicalis im Bereich der Area nervosa unterhalb des Platysmas aus. In allen Fällen konnte eine Anastomose (Ansa cervicalis superficialis) zwischen dem R. colli des N. facialis und dem N. transversus colli des Plexus cervicalis dargestellt werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Das Kompartiment zwischen oberflächlichem und prävertebralem Blatt der Halsfaszie stellt eine geeignete Zielstruktur für zervikale Plexusblockaden dar. Dieser Injektionsort beschreibt eine intermediäre Plexusanästhesie. Die kraniokaudale Ausbreitung des Injektats ermöglicht eine lateromediale Nadelführung in der Horizontalebene. Da die Lamina superficialis keine Barriere für das Injektat darstellt, erscheint die zusätzliche subkutane Infiltration der Area nervosa verzichtbar. Die konstante Anastomosierung (Ansa cervicalis superficialis) zwischen dem zervikalen Plexus und dem R. colli des N. facialis bietet einen anatomisch begründeten Erklärungsansatz für unzureichende zervikale Plexusblockaden.

Abstract

Background and objectives

The innervation of the human cervical region is complex and subject to relevant anatomical variability involving sections of the cervical plexus, brachial plexus and cranial nerves.

Aim

The objective was to demonstrate the dissemination of injected dye solution by anatomical preparation and to define a suitable target compartment for an ultrasound-guided block technique.

Material and methods

Own anatomical preparations are compared to recent review articles on the subject. The focus is on clinically relevant conclusions for performing cervical plexus blocks. In three non-embalmed cadavers six intermediate ultrasound-guided blocks of the cervical plexus were carried out, each with 20 ml methylene blue. Following preparation of the cervical plexus photographic documentation of the spread of the injected marker was performed.

Results

In five cases the target compartment was correctly identified. In these cases, a cranio-caudal spread of the injectate within the double layer of the cervical fascia was observed. In addition, the superficial layer was permeable to the injected methylene blue. The injection solution disseminated with the sensitive terminal branches of the cervical plexus below the platysma. In all cases an anastomosis (superficial cervical ansa) between the facial nerve (ramus colli) and the cervical plexus (transverse cervical nerve) could be demonstrated. The prevertebral lamina proved to be impermeable to injected methylene blue and no evidence of a porous structure of the prevertebral lamina was found.

Conclusion

The compartment between the superficial and the prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia is a suitable target for cervical plexus blocks. This injection site describes an intermediate cervical plexus block. As the compartment contains the sensory terminal branches of the spinal nerves C2–4, it may be referred to as C2–C4 compartment. The cranio-caudal spread of the injectate allows lateromedial needle guidance in the horizontal plane. As the superficial lamina is not a barrier to the injectate an additional subcutaneous infiltration of the nerve area appears dispensable. The prevertebral lamina proved to be impermeable to injected methylene blue. Whether phrenic nerve blocks are preventable with more distal intermediate cervical plexus blocks (selective block of the supraclavicular nerves, e.g. for surgery of the clavicle) must be investigated in clinical trials. The permanent anastomosis (superficial cervical ansa) between the cervical plexus and the ramus colli of the facial nerve provides an anatomically reasonable explanation for inadequate cervical plexus blocks.

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Correspondence to R. Seidel.

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R. Seidel, M. Schulze, K. Zukowski und A. Wree gebenan, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag enthält keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Seidel, R., Schulze, M., Zukowski, K. et al. Ultraschallgesteuerte intermediäre zervikale Plexusanästhesie. Anaesthesist 64, 446–450 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-015-0018-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-015-0018-6

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