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Phase-I/II-Studie zur lokalen Hyperthermie zervikaler N2/N3-Lymphknotenmetastasen

Local hyperthermia of cervical N2/N3 lymph node metastases — A phase-I/II-study

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Lymphknotenmetastasen bei Kopf-Hals-Tumoren im Stadium N2/N3 (das heißt UICC IV) stellen ein großes therapeutisches Problem dar. Trotz kombinierter Radiochemotherapie und hyperfraktionierter und/oder akzelerierter Fraktionierungsschemata ist die lokale Kontrolle dieser Tumoren unbefriedigend. Daher wurde der Stellenwert der lokalen Radiowellen-/Mikrowellenhyperthermie bei dieser Patientengruppe in einer Phase-I/II-Studie geprüft.

Patienten und Methode

50 Patienten mit primär fortgeschrittenen, rezidivierten oder persistierenden Lymphknotenmetastasen N2/N3 wurden bei der Standardtherapie (Radiotherapie oder Radiochemotherapie) zusätzlich mit Hyperthermie behandelt. Für die Thermometrie wurden unter CT-Kontrolle Closed-end-Katheter in die zervikalen Läsionen implantiert. Temperatur-Zeit-Kurven und Temperatur-Orts-Kurven wurden hinsichtlich Leistungsdichte, effektive Perfusion, Gewebetiefe, Indextemperaturen T90, T50, T20, cum min T90≥40,5°C sowie equ min T90 zu 43°C analysiert. Außerdem wurden als Therapieparameter Strahlendosis; Gesamtbestrahlungszeit und Chemotherapie aufgezeichnet. Bei einer Untergruppe von 32 Patienten nach primärer potentiell kurativer Radiotherapie (±Chemotherapie) sowie lokaler Hyperthermie liegen CT-Verlaufskontrollen für die Beurteilung der Response vor. Sämtliche Therapieparameter wurden im Hinblick auf die Response einer Varianzanalyse unterzogen.

Ergebnisse

Relative und absolute Leistungsdichten sind in 3 cm Gewebetiefe im statistischen Mittel auf 50% des oberflächlichen Ausgangswertes abgefallen. Therapeutische Temperaturerhöhungen >4°C (das heißt >41°C) werden bis maximal 5 cm Gewebetiefe noch erreicht. Die effektive Perfusion ist unter lokaler Hyperthermie signifikant höher als im Basalzustand. Die mittleren T90-Werte betrugen 39,9°C, die mittleren T20-Werte 42,3°C. T90, cum min T90≥40,5°C, equ min T90 43°C, Strahlendosis sowie Gesamtbestrahlungszeit haben einen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Ansprechen. Das Tumorvolumen ist negativ mit der Response korreliert dies schlägt sich in einer negativen Korrelation der thermischen Gradienten mit der Response und dem Überleben nieder. Die Qualität der Temperaturverteilung, repräsentiert durch cum min T90≥40,5°C, zeigt in der Untergruppe der primär therapierten Patienten eine tendenzielle Übereinstimmung mit dem Überleben. Die Langzeitprognose nach drei Jahren ist jedoch in der hier behandelten Patientengruppe schlecht mit Überlebensraten von etwa 20%, obgleich in etwa 65%, der primär therapierten Patienten eine lokale Tumorkontrolle erreicht wird.

Schlußfolgerungen

Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Lymphknotenmetastasen >4 cm Ausdehnung haben eine außerordentlich schlechte Prognose, an der auch die moderne Radiochemotherapie noch nichts grundlegend geändert hat. Für eine spezifische Patientengruppe mit Lymphknoten zwischen 4 und 7 cm Ausdehnung kann die lokale Hyperthermie einen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Resultate leisten. Die physikalischen Limitierungen der Methode sind jedoch erkennbar und Weiterentwicklungen wünschenswert.

Abstract

Background

Patients with advanced lymph node metastases from head and neck tumors at stage N2/N3 (i. e. UICC IV) present a difficult therapeutic problem. Despite combined radio-chemotherapy and hyperfractionated and/or accelerated fractionation regimens, local control of these tumors remains unsatisfactory. For this reason, the value of local radiowave/microwave hyperthermia was examined for this patient group in a phase I/II study.

Patients and Method

Fifty patients with primary advanced, recurrent or persistent N2/N3 lymph node metastases were treated with microwave hyperthermia in addition to their standard therapy (radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy). For the thermometry, closed-end catheters were implanted in the cervical lesions under CT monitoring. Temperature/time and temperature/position curves were analysed with regard to power density, effective perfusion, tissue depth index temperatures T90, T50, T20, cum min T90≥40.5°C, and equ min T90 at 43°C. Radiation dose, total irradiation time and chemotherapy were also recorded as therapy parameters. Repeated CT scans for assessing response were taken for a subgroup of 32 patients following primary potentially curative radiotherapy (with and without chemotherapy) and local hyperthermia. All therapy parameters were subjected to a variance analysis with regard to response.

Results

At a tissue depth of 3 cm, relative and absolute power densities were on average of 50% less than at the surface. Therapeutic temperature increases of more than 4°C (i.e. more than 41°C) were not reached at tissue depths greater than 5 cm. The effective perfusion under local hyperthermia is significantly higher than under basal conditions. The mean T90 value was 39.9°C, and the mean T20 value was 42.3°C, T90, cum min T90≥40.5°C, equ min T90 43°C, radiation dose and total irradiation time have a significant influence on response. The tumor volume correlates negatively with response, and this results in the thermal gradients correlating negatively with response and survival. The quality of the temperature distribution, represented by the value of cum min T90≥40.5°C, showed a tendency to correlate positively with the survival in the subgroup of patients who underwent primary therapy. However, the long-term prognosis after 3 years remained bad for this patient group, with a survival rate of around 20%, although local control of primary treated patients was achieved in around 65%.

Conclusions

Patients with advanced lymph node metastases that increase 4 cm in diameter have an extremely bad prognosis which has not been significantly changed by modern radio-chemotherapy. For a specific patient group with lymph nodes between 4 and 7 cm diameter, local hyperthermia can improve the results. However, the physical limitations of the method are clear and further developments are required.

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Stahl, H., Wust, P., Graf, R. et al. Phase-I/II-Studie zur lokalen Hyperthermie zervikaler N2/N3-Lymphknotenmetastasen. Strahlenther. Onkol. 173, 219–229 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03039291

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