Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Apports de l’échographie endoanale dans l’exploration de l’incontinence anale

Value of anal endosonography in the exploration of anal incontinence

  • Ateliers/Workshops
  • Atelier C/Workshop C: Anus et Rectum
  • Published:
Acta Endoscopica

Résumé

L’échographie endocavitaire a connu un essor considérable en proctologie ces dix dernières années car cette technique indolore, simple à réaliser, peu coûteuse, fournit une excellente image anatomique du canal anal. Elle a éclairé la pathogénie de l’incontinence anale et occupe désormais une place prépondérante au sein du bilan de cette affection. La mise en évidence des défects sphinctériens a en effet un impact thérapeutique indéniable. Toutefois, il faut souligner que certaines images posent des problèmes d’interprétation non négligeables incitant à la prudence dans les décisions thérapeutiques.

Summary

Proctologic applications of endoluminal sonography have considerably developed over the last decade, because this painless, easy to perform and cheap technique dilivers an excellent anatomical image of the anal canal. It has shed light on the pathogeny of anal incontinence and now plays a major role in the staging of this disease. The observation of sphincter disruptions has indeed a major therapeutic imapct. It should be noted, however, that some images are difficult to interpret and this should prompt us to be careful with regards to any therapeutic commitment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

EEA :

échographie endo-anale

IA :

incontinence anale

IRM :

imagerie par résonance magnétique

PR :

sangle puborectale

SE :

sphincter externe

SI :

sphincter interne

AES :

anal endosonography

AI :

anal incontinence

MRI :

magnetic resonance imaging

PRS :

puborectal strap

ES :

external sphincter

IS :

internal sphincter

Références

  1. WILD J.J.—The use of ultrasonic pulses for the measurements of biologic tissues and the detection of tissue density changes.Surgery, 1950,27, 183–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. STOKER J., ROCIU E., WIERSMA T.G., LAMÉRIS J.S.— Imaging of anorectal disease.Br. J. Surg., 2000,87, 10–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. LEHUR P.A., LEROI A.M.—Incontinence anale de l’adulte. Recommandations pour la pratique clinique.Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 2000,24, 299–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. DAMON H., HENRY L., VALETTE P.J., MION F.— Apport de l’échographie endo-anale dans les affections proctologiques non tumorales.Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 2001,25, 35–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. MENZEL J., DOMSCHKE W.—Gastrointestinal miniprobe sonography: the current status.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2000,95, 605–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. SULTAN A.H., LODER P.B., BARTRAM C.I., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N.—Vaginal endosonography. New approach to image the undisturbed anal sphincter.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37, 1296–1299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. FRUDINGER A., BARTRAM C.I., KAMM M.A.—Transvaginalversus anal endosonography for detecting damage to the anal sphincter.Am. J. Roentgenol., 1997,168, 1435–1438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. STEWART L.K., WILSON S.R.—Transvaginal sonography of the anal sphincter: reliable, or not?Am. J. Roentgenol., 1999,173, 179–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. GOLD D.M., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., HUMPHRIES K.N., KAMM M.A., KMIOT W.A.—Three-dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury.Br. J. Surg., 1999,86, 365–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. WILLIAMS A.B., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., SPENCER J.A., NICHOLLS R.J., KMIOT W.A.—Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery using three-dimensional endosonography.Obstet. Gynec., 2001,97, 770–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. WILLIAMS A.B., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., MARSHALL M.M., NICHOLLS R.J., KMIOT W.A.—Multiplanar and endosonography: normal anal canal anatomy.Colorectal. Dis., 2001,3, 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. TJANDRA J.J., MILSOM J.W., STOLFI V.M., LAVERY I., OAKLEY J., CHURCH J., FAZIO V.—Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1992,35, 465–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. ECKARDT V.F., JUNG B., FISCHER B., LIERSE W.— Anal endosonography in healthy subjects and patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37, 235–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., NICHOLLS J.R., BARTRAM C.I.—Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparaison with manometry.Clin. Radiol., 1994,49, 368–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. SULTAN A.H., NICHOLLS R.J., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., BEYNON J., BARTRAM C.I.—Anal endosonography and correlation within vitro andin vivo anatomy.Br. J. Surg., 1993,80, 508–511.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. GERDES B., KÖHLER H.H., ZIELKE A., KISKER O., BARTH P.J., STINNER B.—The anatomical basis of anal endosonography. A study in post-morten specimens.Surg. Endosc., 1997,11, 986–990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. FALK P.M., BLATCHFORD G.J., CALI R.L., CHRISTENSEN M.A., THORSON A.G.—Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37, 468–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. MEYENBERGER C., BERTSCHINGER P., ZALA G.F., BUCHMANN P.—Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery.Endoscopy, 1996,28, 217–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. DEEN K.I., KUMAR D., WILLIAMS J.G., OLLIFF J., KEIGHLEY M.R.B.—Anal sphincter defects. Correlation between endoanal ultrasound and surgery.Ann. Surg., 1993,218, 201–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., TALBOT I.C., NICHOLLS R.J., BARTRAM C.I.—Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically.Br. J. Surg., 1994,81, 463–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. ROMANO G., ROTONDANO G., ESPOSITO P., PELLECCHIA L., NOVI A.—External anal sphincter defects: correlation between pre-operative anal endosonography and intraoperative findings.Br. J. Radiol., 1996,69, 6–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., BARTRAM C.I. —Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair.Br. Med. J., 1994,308, 887–891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. KAMM M.A.—Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence.Lancet, 1994,344, 730–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. FELT-BERSMA R.J.F., VAN BAREN R., KOOREVAAR M., STRIJERS R.L., CUESTA M.A.—Unsuspected sphincter defects shown by anal endosonography after anorectal surgery.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38, 249–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. ENGEL A.F., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I.—Unwanted anal penetration as a physical cause of faecal incontinence.Eur. J. Gastro. Hepatol., 1995,7, 65–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. ENGEL A.F., KAMM M.A., HAWLEY P.R.—Civilian and war injuries of the perineum and anal sphincters.Br. J. Surg., 1994,81, 1069–1073.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. ZETTERSTRÖM J.P., MELLGREN A., MADOFF R.D., KIM D.G., WONG W.D.—Perineal body measurement improves evaluation of anterior sphincter lesions during endoanal ultrasonography.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41, 705–713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. FELT-BERSMA R.J.F., CUESTA M.A., KOOREVAAR M. —Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image. A prospective clinical study.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1996,39, 878–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N.—Obstetric perineal trauma: an audit of training.J. Obstet. Gyneacol., 1995,15, 19–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. ENGEL A.F., KAMM M.A., SULTAN A.H., BARTRAM C.I., NICHOLLS R.J.—Anterior and sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma.Br. J. Surg., 1994,81, 1231–1234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. GJESSING H., BACKE B., SAHLIN Y.—Third degree obstetric tears: outcome after primary repair.Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 1998,77, 736–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. TERNENT C.A., SHASHIDHARAN M., BLATCHFORD G.J., CHRISTENSEN M.A., THORSON A.G., STENTOVICH S.M. —Transanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry findings affecting continence after sphineteroplasty.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1997,40, 462–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. SULTAN A.H., MONGA A.K., KUMAR D., STANTON S.L. —Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1999,106, 318–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. ENGEL A.F., LUNNIS P.J., KAMM M.A., PHILLIPS R.K.S. —Sphincteroplasty for incontinence after surgery for idiopathic fistula in ano.Int. J. Colorect. Dis., 1997,12, 323–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. NIELSEN B.M., DAMMEGAARD L., PEDERSEN J.F.— Endosonographic assessment of the anal sphincter after surgical reconstruction.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37, 434–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. POEN A.C., FELT-BERSMA R.J.F., STRIJERS R.L.M., DEKKERS G.A., CUESTA M.A., MEUWISSEN S.G.M.— Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functionnal results after primary repair.Br. J. Surg., 1998,85, 1433–1438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. SAVOYE-COLLET C., SAVOYE G., KONING E., THOUMAS D., MICHOT F., DENIS P., BENOZIO M.—Anal endosonography after sphincter repair: specific patterns related to clinical outcome.Abdom. Imaging, 1999,24, 569–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. ABBASAKOOR F., NELSON M., BEYNON J., PATEL B., CARR N.D.—Anal endosonography in patients with anorectal symptoms after haemorrhoidectomy.Br. J. Surg., 1998,85, 1522–1524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. NIELSEN M.B., HAUGE C., PEDERSEN J.F., CHRISTIANSEN J. —Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence: findings and influence on surgical management.A.J.R., 1993,160, 771–775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. GOLD D.M., HALLIGAN S., KMIOT W.A., BARTRAM C.I. —Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in anal endosonography.Br. J. Surg., 1999,86, 371–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., NICHOLLS R.J., BARTRAM C.I. —Prospective study of the extent of internal anal sphincter division during lateral sphincterotomy.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1994,37, 1031–1033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. FAROUK R., MONSON J.R.T., DUTHIE G.S.—Technical failure of lateral sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a study using endoanal ultrasonography.Br. J. Surg., 1997,84, 84–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. GARCIA-AGUILAR J., MONTES C.B., PEREZ J.J., JENSEN L., MADOFF F.D., WONG W.D.—Incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy. Anatomic and functional evaluation.Dis. Colon Rectum. 1998,41, 423–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. GARCIA-GRANERO E., SANAHUJA A., GARCIAARMENGOL J., JIMENEZ E., ESCLAPEZ P., MINGUEZ M., ESPI A., LOPEZ F., LLEDO S.—Anal endosonographine evaluation after closed lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41, 598–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. HO Y.H., CHEONG W.K., TSANG C., HO J., EU K.W., TANG C.L., SEOW-CHEN F.—Stapled hemorrhoidectomy: cost and effectiveness. Randomized, controlled trial including incontinence scoring, anorectal manometry, and endoanal ultrasound assessments at up to three months.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 1666–1675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. SULTAN A.H., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., THOMAS J.M., BARTRAM C.I.—Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery.N. Engl. J. Med., 1993,329, 1905–1911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. RIEGER N., SCHLOITHE A., SACCONE G., WATTCHOW D. —A prospective study of anal sphincter injury due to childbirth.Scand. J. Gastro., 1998,33, 950–955.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. ABRAMOWITZ L., SOBHANI I., GANANSIA R., VUAGNAT A., BENIFLA J.L., DARAI E., MADELENAT P., MIGNON M.—Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery?Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 595–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. DONNELLY V., FYNES M., CAMPBELL D., JOHNSON H., O’CONNELL P.R., O’HERLIHY C.—Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage.Obstet. Gynecol., 1998,92, 955–961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. DAMON H., HENRY L., BRETONES S., MELLIER G., MINAIRE Y., MION F.—Postdelivery anal function in primiparous females. Ultrasound and manometric study.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 472–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. FALTIN D.L., BOULVAIN M., IRION O., BRETONES S., STAN C., WEIL A.—Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence.Obstet. Gynecol., 2000,95, 643–647.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. NIELSEN M.B., RASMUSSEN O.O., PEDERSEN J.F., CHRISTIANSEN J.—Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1993,36, 677–680.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. SPEAKMAN C.T.M., BURNETT S.J.D., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I.—Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography.Br. J. Surg., 1991,78, 1429–1430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. SILVIS R., VAN EEKELEN J.W., DELEMARRE J.B.V.M., GOOSZEN H.G.—Endosonography of the anal sphincter after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Relation with anal manometry and fecal continence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38, 383–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. SOLOMON M.J., MCLEOD R.S., O’CONNOR B.I., COHEN Z.—Assessment of peripouch inflammation after ileoanal anastomosis using endoluminal ultrasonography.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38, 182–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. FAROUK R., DUTHIE G.S., LEE P.W.R., MONSON J.R.T. —Endosonographic evidence of injury to the internal anal sphincter after low anterior resection. Long term follow-up.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1998,41, 888–891.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. HO Y.H., TSANG C., TANG C.L., NYAM D., EU K.W., SEOW-CHEN F.—Anal sphincter injuries from stapling instruments introduced transanally. Randomized, controlled study with endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 169–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. GATTUSO J.M., KAMM M.A., HALLIGAN S.—Anal sphincter damage following manual disimpaction: a functionnal and morphological study.Gastroenterology, 1994,106, A503.

    Google Scholar 

  59. RAKOTOMALALA L., DE PARADES V., PARISOT C., ATIENZA P.—Ruptures multiples du sphincter interne après viol anal: une cause peu connue d’incontinence anale.Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 1996,20, 1142–1143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. ENCK P., HEYER T., GANTKE B., SCHMITT U., SCHÄFER R., FRIELING T., HÄUSSINGER D.—How reproductible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1997,92, 293–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. BEETS-TAN R.G.H., MORREN G.L., BEETS G.L., KESSELS A.G.H., EL NAGGAR K., LEMAIRE E., BAETEN C.G.M., VAN ENGELSHOVEN J.M.A.—Measurement of anal sphincter muscles: endoanal US, endoanal MR imaging, or phased-array MR imaging? A study with healthy volunteers.Radiology, 2001,220, 81–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. DE PARADES V., PARISOT C., ATIENZA P.—Internal anal sphincter and endosonography.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1999,42, 823–824.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. VAIZEY C.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I.—Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of faecal incontinence.Lancet, 1997,349, 612–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. VARMA A., GUNN J., GARDINER A., LINDOW S.W., DUTHIE G.S.—Obstetric anal sphincter injury. Prospective evaluation of incidence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1999,42, 1537–1543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. ZETTERSTRÖM J., MELLGREN A., JENSEN L.L., WONG W.D., KIM D.G., LOWRY A.C., MADOFF R.D., CONGILOSI S.M.—Effect of delivery on anal sphincter morphology and function.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1999,42, 1253–1260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. DE PARADES V., THABUT D., ETIENNEY I., BEAULIEU S., TAWK M., ASSEMEKANG F.et al.—Les défects sphinctériens anaux après accouchement par forceps ou spatules: analyse critique par une étude prospective chez 93 femmes.Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 2002,26, A33.

    Google Scholar 

  67. FRUDINGER A., HALLIGAN S., BARTRAM C.I., SPENCER J.A., KAMM M.A.—Changes in anal anatomy following vaginal delivery revealed by anal endosonography.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1999,106, 233–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. SUDOL-SZOPINSKA I., SZCZEPKOWSKI M., JAKUBOWSKI W. —Anal sphincter defects: verification of anal ultrasound diagnosis in “bimanual” examination.Eur. J. Ultrasound, 2001,13, 25–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. RIEGER N.A., DOWNEY P.R., WATTCHOW D.A.— Short communication: Endoanal ultrasound during contraction of the anal sphincter-improved definition and diagnostic accuracy.Br. J. Radiol., 1996,69, 665–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. MARANO I., GRASSI R., DONNIANNI T., GARGANO V., FANUCCI A., ROMANO G., PELLECCHIA L., ROTONDANO G.—CT and anal endosonography in the evaluation of electrically stimulated neoanal sphincter: a preliminary report.Abdom. Imaging, 1996,21, 353–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. VAIZEY C.J., KAMM M.A., GOLD D.M., BARTRAM C.I., HALLIGAN S., NICHOLLS R.J.—Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter.Lancet, 1998,352, 105–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. EMBLEM R., DISETH T., MORKRID L.—Anorectal anomalies: anorectal manometric function and anal endosonography in relation to functional outcome.Pediatr. Surg. Int., 1997,12, 516–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. FRUDINGER A., BARTRAM C.I., SPENCER J.A.D., KAMM M.A.—Perineal examination as a predictor of underlying external anal sphincter damage.Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1997,104, 1009–1013.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. BURNETT S.J.D., SPENCE-JONES C., SPEAKMAN C.T.M., KAMM M.A., HUDSON C.N., BARTRAM C.I.— Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography.Br. J. Radiol. 1991,64, 225–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. ENCK P., VON GIESEN H.J., SCHÄFER A., HEYER T., GANTKE B., FLESCH S., ARENDT G., SCHMITZ N., FRIELING T.—Comparaison of anal endosonography with conventional needle electromyography in the evaluation of anal sphincter defects.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1996,91, 2539–2543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. LAW P.J., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I.—A comparaison between electromyography and anal endosonography in mapping external anal sphincter defects.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1990,33, 370–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. BURNETT S.J.D., SPEAKMAN C.T.M., KAMM M.A., BARTRAM C.I.—Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter by simultaneous electromyographic mapping.Br. J. Surg., 1991,78, 448–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. TJANDRA J.J., MILSOM J.W., SCHROEDER T., FAZIO V.W. —Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincteric defects.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1993,36, 689–692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. ROCIU E., STOKER J., EIJKEMANS M.J.C., SCHOUTEN W.R., LAMERIS J.S.—Fecal incontinence: endoanal USversus endoanal MR imaging.Radiology, 1999,212, 453–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. MALOUF A.J., WILLIAMS A.B., HALLIGAN S., BARTRAM C.I., DHILLON S., KAMM M.A.—Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal magnetic resonance imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence.Am. J. Roentgenol., 2000,75, 741–745.

    Google Scholar 

  81. MATSUOKA H., DESAI M.B., WEXNER S.D., ADAMI C., MAVRANTONIS C., NOGUERAS J.J.—Postanal repair for fecal incontinence: is it worthwhile?Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 1561–1567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. FELT-BERSMA R.J.F., CUESTA M.A., KOOREVAAR M., STRIJERS R.L.M., MEUWISSEN S.G.M., DERCKSEN E.J., WESDORP R.I.C.—Anal endosonography: relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1992,35, 944–999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. GANTKE B., SCHÄFER A., ENCK P., LÜBKE H.J.— Sonographic, manometric and myographic evaluation of the anal sphincters morphology and function.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1993,36, 1037–1041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. SENTOVICH S.M., BLATCHFORD G.J., RIVELA L.J., LIN K., THORSON A.G., CHRISTENSEN M.A.—Diagnosing anal sphincter injury with transanal ultrasound and manometry.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1997,40, 1430–1434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. LEROI A.M., KAMM M.A., WEBER J., EENIS P., HAWLEY P.R. —Internal anal sphincter repair.Int. J. Colorect. Dis., 1997,12, 243–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. ABOU-ZEID A.A.—Preliminary experience in management of fecal incontinence caused by internal anal sphincter injury.Dis. Colon Rectum, 2000,43, 198–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. MICHOT F., LEROI A.M.—Sacral nerve stimulation: promising treatment for anal incontinence?Ann. Chir., 2002,127, 247–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. FYNES M., DONNELLY V., BEHAN M., O’CONNELL P.R., O’HERLIHY C.—Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study.Lancet, 1999,354, 983–986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. SANGALLI M.R., FLORIS L., FALTIN D., WEIL A.— Anal incontinence in women with third or fourth degree perineals tears and subsequent vaginal deliveries.Aust. N.J.Z. Obstet. Gynecol., 2000,40, 244–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. FALTIN D.L., SANGALLI M.R., ROCHE B., FLORIS L., BOULVAIN M., WEIL A.—Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence?Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2001,108, 684–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. SULTAN A.H., STANTON S.L.—Preserving the pevic floor and perineum during childbirth: elective caesarian section?Br. J. Osbtet. Gynaecol., 1996,103, 731–734.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. BEK KM, LAURBERG S.—Risk of anal incontinence from subsequent vaginal delivery after a complete obstetric anal sphincter tear.Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1992,99, 724–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. RYHAMMER A.M., BEK K.M., LAURBERG S.—Multiple vaginal deliveries increase the risk of permanent incontinence of flatus and urine in normal premenopausal women.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1995,38, 1206–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. GARCIA-AGUILAR J., BELMONTE C., WONG W.D., GOLDBERG S.M., MADOFF R.D.—Anal fistula surgery: factors associated with recurrence and incontinence.Dis. Colon Rectum, 1996,39, 723–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. WILLIAMS J.G.—Anal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of abscess and fistula disease of the anorectum.Semin. Colon Rectal Surg., 1995,6, 105–113.

    Google Scholar 

  96. DE PARADES V., CUENOD C.A., THOMAS C., MARTEAU P., PARISOT C., ATIENZA P.—L’imagerie dans la maladie de Crohn anopérinéale.Acta Endoscopica, 2000,30, 565–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service de Proctologie Médico-chirurgicale, Hôpital des Diaconesses, 18, rue du Sergent-Bauchat, 75012, Paris, France

    Isabelle Etienney, V. De Parades & P. Atienza

Authors
  1. Isabelle Etienney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. De Parades
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Atienza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

About this article

Cite this article

Etienney, I., De Parades, V. & Atienza, P. Apports de l’échographie endoanale dans l’exploration de l’incontinence anale. Acta Endosc 33, 71–84 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03023676

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03023676

Mots-clés

Key-words

Search

Navigation