Abstract
Renal imaging has dramatically improved since the introduction of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and most recently magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. US and MR imaging are ideal for patients with compromised renal function preventing administration of iodinated contrast material or those who have experienced reactions to contrast. Staging errors occur due to limitations in assessing microscopic tumor invasion of the renal capsule and perinephric fat, detecting metastatic deposits in normal sized lymph nodes and differentiating inflammatory hyperplastic lymph nodes from neoplastic ones. These limitations are shared by US, CT, and MR imaging. Vascular invasion by tumor can be evaluated by all imaging modalities including venography. The advantages and limitations of each examination will be presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Choyke PL: MR imaging in renal cell carcinoma.Radiology 169:572–573, 1988
Choyke PL, White EM, Zeman RK, Jaffe MH, Clark LR: Renal metastases: Clinicopathologic and radiologic correlation.Radiology 162:359–363, 1987
Cronan JJ, Zeman RK, Rosenfield AT: Comparison of computerized tomography, ultrasound and angiography in evaluating renal cell carcinoma.J Urol 127:712–714, 1982
Fein AB, Lee JKT, Balfe DM, Heiken JP, Ling D, Glazer HS, McClenan BL: Diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma: A comparison of MR imaging and CT.AJR 148:749–753, 1987
Fritzsche PJ: Current state of MRI in renal mass diagnosis and staging of RCC.Urol Radiol 11:210–214, 1989
Glazer GM, Callen PW, Parker JT: CT diagnosis of tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava avoiding the false positive diagnosis.AJR 137:1265–1267, 1981
Hricak H, Thoeni RF, Carroll PR, Demas BE, Marotti M, Tanagho EA: Detection and staging of renal neoplasms: A reassessment of MR imaging.Radiology 166:643–649, 1988
Johnson CD, Dunnick NR, Cohan RH, Illescas FF: Renal adenocarcinoma: CT staging of 100 tumors.AJR 148:59–63, 1987
Levine E, Lee KR, Weigel J: Preoperative determination of abdominal extent of renal cell carcinoma by computed tomography.Radiology 132:395–398, 1979
Mitnick JS, Bosniak MA, Rothberg M, Megibow AJ, Raghavendra BN, Subramanyam BR: Metastatic neoplasm to the kidney studied by computed tomography and sonography.J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:43–49, 1985
Roubidoux MA, Dunnick NR, Sostman HD, Leder RA: Renal carcinoma: Detection of venous extension with gradient-echo MR imaging.Radiology 182:269–272, 1992
Sussman SK, Glickstein MF, Krzymowski GA: Hypointense renal cell carcinoma: MR imaging with pathologic correlation.Radiology 177:495–497, 1990
Weyman PJ, McClennan BL, Stanley RJ, Levitt RG, Sagel SS: Comparison of computed tomography and angiography in the evaluation of renal cell carcinoma.Radiology 133:417–424, 1980
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fritzsche, P.J., Millar, C. Multimodality approach to staging renal cell carcinoma. Urol Radiol 14, 3–7 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02926893
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02926893