Abstract
A spectral analysis technique using selective linear prediction (SLP) coding based on an all pole model is applied to determine the spectral distribution of second heart sounds (SII) in 17 normal children. The SLP spectra are compared with the conventional spectra obtained using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. It is observed that the SLP technique produces spectra with better definition of spectral peaks. Average spectral energy distribution of second heart sound in normal children is presented. Spectral energies in different frequency bandwidths are correlated with the aortic valve size parameter obtained echocardiographically. It is found that the best correlation is obtained in the 120–140 Hz bandwidth. A possible interpretation in terms of documented second heart sound determinants is also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adolph, R. J., Stephen, J. F. andTanaka, K. (1970) The clinical value of frequency analysis of the first heart sound in myocardial infarction.Circ.,41, 1003–1014.
Anastassiades, P. C., Quinones, M. A., Gaasch, W. H., Adyanthaya, A. V., Waggoner, A. D. andAlexander, J. K. (1976) Aortic valve closure: echo-cardiographic, phonocardiographic, and hemodynamic assessment.Am. Heart J.,91, 228–232.
Atal, B. S. andHanauer, S. L. (1971) Speech analysis and synthesis by linear prediction of speech wave.J. Acous. Soc. Am.,50, 637–355.
Blick, E. F., Sabbah, H. N. andStein, P. D. (1979) One dimensional model of diastolic semilunar valve vibrations productive of heart sounds.J. Biomech.,12, 223–227.
Campbell, G. andRoberts, R. (1978) Spectral estimation of cardiovascular sounds.Biomed. Sci. Inst.,14, 27–31.
Ghista, D. N. andRao, A. P. (1973) Mitral valve mechanics stress/strain characteristics of excised leaflets, analysis of its functional mechanics and its medical application.Med. & Biol. Eng.,11, 691–702.
Haskew, J. R., Kelly, J. M., Kelly, R. M. andMcKinney, H. T. (1973) Results of a study of linear prediction vocoder.IEEE Trans.,Com-21, 1008–1014.
Hearn, T. C., Mazumdar, J., Hubbard, R. andEuster, G. (1979) Temporal and heart-size effects in first-heart-sound spectra.Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput.,17, 563–568.
Hearn, T. C., Mazumdar, J. andMaher, L. J. (1982) First heart sound spectra in relation to anterior mitral-leaflet closing velocity. ——Ibid.,20, 466–472.
Iwata, A., Ishii, N., Suzumura, N. andIkegaya, K. (1980) Algorithm for detecting the first and second heart sounds by spectral tracking. ——Ibid.,18, 19–26.
James, M. L., Smith, G. M. andWolford, J. C. (1977)Applied numerical methods for digital computation with fortran and csmp. IEP—a Dun-Donnelly Publisher, New York. 2nd ed., 141–155.
Laniado, S., Yellin, E. L., Miller, H. andFrater, R. W. M. (1973) Temporal relation of the first heart sound to closure of the mitral valve.Circ.,47, 1006–1014.
Makhoul, J. (1973) Spectral analysis of speech by linear prediction.IEEE Trans.,AU-21, 140–148.
Makhoul, J. (1975) Linear prediction: a tutorial review.Proc. IEEE,63, 561–580.
Markel, J. D. andGray, A. H. (1976)Linear prediction of speech. Springer-Verlag, 161–163.
Mazumdar, J. andHearn, T. C. (1978) Mathematical analysis of mitral valve leaflets.J. Biomech.,11, 291–296.
Mills, P. G., Chamusco, R. F., Moos, S. andCraige, E. (1976) Echophonocardiographic studies of the contribution of the atrioventricular valves to the first heart sound.Circ.,54, 944–951.
Nandagopal, D., Mazumdar, J., Bogner, R. E. andKarolyi, G. (1982) Application of digital processing of heart sounds to heart valve modelling. Proceedings of the IFAC Symposium on Theory and application of digital control, vol. 1, session 7, 1–3.
Prakash, R., Moorthy, K. andAronow, W. S. (1976) First heart sound: a phonoechocardiographic correlation with mitral, tricuspid and aortic valvular events.Catheterisation & Cardiovasc. Diag.,8, 381–387.
Rangaraj, M. R. andMoorthy, I. S. N. (1979) Quantitative analysis of the phonocardiogram for detection of murmurs.J. Biomed. Eng.,1, 247–252.
Renner, W. F. andRenner, A. B. (1979) The quality of resonance of the first heart sound after myocardial infarction: clinical significance.Circulation,59, 1144–1148.
Sabbah, H. N. andStein, P. D. (1976) Investigation of the theory and mechanism of the origin of the second heart sound.Circ. Res.,39, 874–882.
Sabbah, H. N., Khaja, F., Anbe, D. T., Folger, G. M. andStein, P. D. (1978) Determinants of the amplitude of the aortic component of the second heart sound in aortic stenosis.Am. J. Cardiol.,41, 830–835.
Sarkady, A. A., Clark, R. R. andWilliams, R. (1976) Computer analysis of techniques for phonocardiogram diagnosis.J. Comp. & Biomed. Res.,9, 349–363.
Snedecor, G. W. andCochran, W. G. (1967)Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
Stein, P. D., Sabbah, H. N., Lakier, J. B. andGoldstein, S. (1980) Frequency spectrum of the aortic component of the second heart sound in patients with normal valves, aortic stenosis and aortic porcine xenografts.Am. J. of Cardiol.,46, 48–52.
van Vollenhoven, E., van Rotterdam, A., Derenbos, T. andSchelsinger, F. G. (1969) Frequency analysis of heart murmurs.Med. & Biol. Eng.,7, 227–230.
van Vollenhoven, E., Suzumura, H., Ghista, D. N., Mazumdar, J. andHearn, T. (1979) Phonocardiography: analysis of instrumentation and vibration of heart structures to determine their constitutive properties. InAdvances in cardiovascular physics. Vol. 2,Ghista,D. N. (Ed.) Krager, Switzerland,2, 68–118.
Yoganathan, A. P., Gupta, R., Udwadia, F. E., Miller, J. W., Corcoran, W. H., Sarma, R., Johnson, J. L. andBing, R. J. (1976a) Use of the fast Fourier transform for frequency analysis of the first heart sound in normal man.Med. & Biol. Eng.,14, 69–73.
Yoganathan, A. P., Gupta, R., Udwadia, F. E., Corcoran, W. H., Sarma, R. andBing, R. J. (1976b) Use of the fast Fourier transform in the frequency analysis of the second heart sound in normal man. ——Ibid.,14, 455–459.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nandagopal, D., Mazumdar, J., Bogner, R.E. et al. Spectral analysis of second heart sound in normal children by selective linear prediction coding. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 22, 229–239 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442748
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442748