Some applications of reversal theory to the explanation of gambling and gambling addictions

Abstract

Reversal theory (Apter, 1982) provides a conceptual framework for the study of homeostatic psychological systems with multiple points of stability. This theory is applied to the explanation of normal and pathological gambling with special attention given to Apter's distinction between Telic (goal oriented) and Paratelic (playful) States. The entry of an individual to an episode of gambling is interpreted as a means of achieving a reversal or switch from one metamotivational state to another and so affecting the hedonic tone of the experience of arousal. The action during an episode of gambling is interpreted as a series of rapid switches from Telic to Paratelic States. Exit from the gambling situation is interpreted as resulting from a reversal from Paratelic to Telic metamotivational states. Scores of regular gamblers on the Telic Dominance Scale are related to their scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale, The interrelationship of arousal and reversals is used to advance an explanation both of some of the rewards of normal gambling and of the continued persistence of pathological gamblers in the face of punishing losses.