Summary
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1.
Current knowledge of the mechanisms of circadian and photic regulation of retinal melatonin in vertebrates is reviewed, with a focus on recent progress and unanswered questions.
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2.
Retinal melatonin synthesis is elevated at night, as a result of acute suppression by light and rhythmic regulation by a circadian oscillator, or clock, which has been localized to the eye in some species.
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3.
The development of suitablein vitro retinal preparations, particularly the eyecup from the African clawed frog,Xenopus laevis, has enabled identification of neural, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of retinal melatonin regulation.
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4.
Recent findings indicate that retinal melatonin levels can be regulated at multiple points in indoleamine metabolic pathways, including synthesis and availability of the precursor serotonin, activity of the enzyme serotoninN-acetyltransferase, and a novel pathway for degradation of melatonin within the retina.
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5.
Retinal dopamine appears to act through D2 receptors as a signal for light in this system, both in the acute suppression of melatonin synthesis and in the entrainment of the ocular circadian oscillator.
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6.
A recently developedin vitro system that enables high-resolution measurement of retinal circadian rhythmicity for mechanistic analysis of the circadian oscillator is described, along with preliminary results that suggest its potential for elucidating general circadian mechanisms.
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7.
A model describing hypothesized interactions among circadian, neurochemical, and cellular mechanisms in regulation of retinal melatonin is presented.
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Cahill, G.M., Grace, M.S. & Besharse, J.C. Rhythmic regulation of retinal melatonin: Metabolic pathways, neurochemical mechanisms, and the ocular circadian clock. Cell Mol Neurobiol 11, 529–560 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00734814
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00734814