Abstract
In the past, hypothesis testing in medicine has employed the paradigm of the repeatable experiment. In statistical hypothesis testing, an unbiased sample is drawn from a larger source population, and a calculated statistic is compared to a preassigned critical region, on the assumption that the comparison could be repeated an indefinite number of times. However, repeated experiments often cannot be performed on human beings, due to ethical or economic constraints. We describe a new paradigm for hypothesis testing which uses only rearrangements of data present within the observed data set. The token swap test, based on this new paradigm, is applied to three data sets from cardiovascular pathology, and computational experiments suggest that the token swap test satisfies the Neyman Pearson condition.
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From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. G. William Moore, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
Supported by NIH Grant LM-03651 from the National Library of Medicine.
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Moore, G.W., Hutchins, G.M. & Miller, R.E. A new paradigm for hypothesis testing in medicine, with examination of the Neyman Pearson condition. Theor Med Bioeth 7, 269–282 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00539848
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00539848