Zur klassifizierung der Anthropochoren

Zusammenfassung

Die bestehenden Systeme der Anthropochoren sind meist noch unbefriedigend. Der Hauptgrund dafür ist, daß man gewöhnlich Universalsysteme zu schaffen versuchte, in denen mehrere eigentlich voneinander unabhängige Einteilungskriterien in inhomogener Weise verquickt sind. Es wird demgegenüber für zweckmäßiger angesehen, mehrere getrennte Gruppierungen, die jeweils einem einzigen, klar definierten Gliederungsprinzip entsprechen, nebeneinander bestehen zu lassen. Drei solche Gruppierungen — nach der Art und Weise, wie der Mensch bei der Einwanderung mitwirkt, nach der Einwanderungszeit und nach dem Grad der Einbürgerung — werden näher diskutiert. Innerhalb der letzteren wird vorgeschlagen, die Anthropochoren nach dem Gesichtspunkt der Einfügung in die Vegetation in die vier Gruppen der Agriophyten, Epökophyten, Ephemerophyten und Ergasiophyten einzuteilen (vgl. die Tabelle). Die beiden vielbenutzten Begriffe Archäophyten und Neophyten sollten, dem häufigsten Gebrauch und ihrer sprachlichen Bedeutung entsprechend, rein zeitlich definiert und nur im Rahmen der Einteilung nach der Einwanderungszeit verwendet werden.

Summary

The existing systems of anthropochores are mostly more or less unsatisfying. This is due to the attempt of most authors to make universal systems in which several distinct principles of classification are mingled in an inhomogeneous manner. In contrast, it is considered here to be more adequate to establish several separate arrangements each based on a single, clearly defined criterion. The following three classifications (which include also the indigenous plants or idiochores) have been discussed:

• 1. Classification according to the degree of naturalization (estimated under consideration of the position within the vegetation). 5 categories: idiochorophytes, which had already a constant position in the primary natural vegetation; agriophytes, with a constant position in the potential natural vegetation, but not in the primary one; epecophytes, with a constant position in the actual, but not in the potential natural vegetation; ephemerophytes, with no constant position in the vegetation, but occasionally growing wild; and ergasiophytes, growing only in cultivated state.

• 2. Classification according to the time of immigration. 3 categories: idiochorophytes, having immigrated before the activity of man; archeophytes, whose man-supported immigration happened in “prehistoric” times, i.e. cannot be proved by direct informations on introduction and spreading; and neophytes, whose immigration took place in “historical” time (contrary to that of the archeophytes).

• 3. Classification according to the manner in which man supported the immigration. 4 categories: idiochorophytes, which immigrated without any aid of man; acolutophytes, whose immigration was supported only by the anthropogenic changes of vegetation, which offered suitable habitats to the species migrating otherwise quite by their own abilities; xenophytes, whose diaspores have been introduced accidentally by man; and ergasiophygophytes, which have been introduced intentionally as cultivated plants and then became growing wild.