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Ecology of sea ice biota

2. Global significance

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Summary

The sea ice does not only determine the ecology of ice biota, but it also influences the pelagic systems under the ice cover and at ice edges. In this paper, new estimates of Arctic and Antarctic production of biogenic carbon are derived, and differences as well as similarities between the two oceans are examined. In ice-covered seas, high algal concentrations (blooms) occur in association with several types of conditions. Blooms often lead to high sedimentation of intact cells and faecal pellets. In addition to ice-related blooms, there is progressive accumulation of organic matter in Arctic multi-year ice, whose fate may potentially be similar to that of blooms. A fraction of the carbon fixed by microalgae that grow in sea ice or in relation to it is exported out of the production zone. This includes particulate material sinking out of the euphotic zone, and also material passed on to the food web. Pathways through which ice algal production does reach various components of the pelagic and benthic food webs, and through them such top predators as marine mammals and birds, are discussed. Concerning global climate change and biogeochemical fluxes of carbon, not all export pathways from the euphotic zone result in the sequestration of carbon for periods of hundreds of years or more. This is because various processes, that take place in both the ice and the water column, contribute to mineralize organic carbon into CO2 before it becomes sequestered. Processes that favour the production and accumulation of biogenic carbon as well as its export to deep waters and sequestration are discussed, together with those that influence mineralization in the upper ice-covered ocean.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de biologie, Université Lavai, G1K 7P4, Québec, Québec, Canada

    Louis Legendre

  2. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 03755, Hanover, NH, USA

    Stephen F. Ackley

  3. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, W-2850, Bremerhaven, Federal Republic of Germany

    Gerhard S. Dieckmann

  4. University/Tromsø (NFH), N-9001, Tromsø, Norway

    Bjørn Gulliksen

  5. School of Oceanography WB-10, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA

    Rita Horner

  6. National Institute of Polar Research, 9-10, Kaga 1-chome, Itabashi-ku, 173, Tokyo, Japan

    Takao Hoshiai

  7. Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences, 23 Krasikova Street, 117218, Moscow, Russia

    Igor A. Melnikov

  8. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, 99701, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    William S. Reeburgh

  9. Institute for Polar Ecology, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, W-2300, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany

    Michael Spindler

  10. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, University Park, 90089-0371, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Cornelius W. Sullivan

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  1. Louis Legendre
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  2. Stephen F. Ackley
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  3. Gerhard S. Dieckmann
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  4. Bjørn Gulliksen
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  5. Rita Horner
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  6. Takao Hoshiai
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  7. Igor A. Melnikov
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  8. William S. Reeburgh
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  9. Michael Spindler
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  10. Cornelius W. Sullivan
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Authors are members of SCOR Working Group 86: Ecology of Sea Ice Biota

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Legendre, L., Ackley, S.F., Dieckmann, G.S. et al. Ecology of sea ice biota. Polar Biol 12, 429–444 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00243114

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