Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MSn screening concept

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Today, immunoassays and several chromatographic methods are in use for drug screening in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control. For further proof of the authors’ new metabolite-based liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) screening concept, the detectability of drugs of abuse and their metabolites using this screening approach was studied. As previously reported, the corresponding reference library was built up with MS2 and MS3 wideband spectra using a LXQ linear ion trap with electrospray ionization in the positive mode and full scan information-dependent acquisition. In addition to the parent drug spectra recorded in methanolic solution, metabolite spectra were identified after protein precipitation of urine from rats after administration of the corresponding drugs and added to the library. This consists now of data of over 900 parent compounds, including 87 drugs of abuse, and of over 2,300 metabolites and artifacts, among them 436 of drugs of abuse. Recovery, process efficiency, matrix effects, and limits of detection for selected drugs of abuse were determined using spiked human urine, and the resulting data have been acceptable. Using two automatic data evaluation tools (ToxID and SmileMS), the intake of 54 of the studied drugs of abuse could be confirmed in urine samples of drug users after protein precipitation and LC separation. The following drugs classes were covered: stimulants, designer drugs, hallucinogens, (synthetic) cannabinoids, opioids, and selected benzodiazepines. The presented LC-MSn method complements the well-established gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy procedure in the authors’ laboratory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kraemer T, Paul LD (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1415–1435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Maurer HH (2006) J Mass Spectrom 41:1399–1413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Maurer HH (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem 393:97–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Peters FT, Martinez-Ramirez JA (2010) Ther Drug Monit 32:532–539

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tenore PL (2010) J Addict Dis 29:436–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Maurer HH (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1315–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peters FT (2010) Clin Biochem 44:54–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Josephs JL, Sanders M (2004) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:743–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sauvage FL, Saint-Marcous F, Duretz B, Deporte D, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2006) Clin Chem 52:1735–1742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dulaurent S, Moesch C, Marquet P, Gaulier JM, Lachatre G (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 396:2235–2249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sturm S, Hammann F, Drewe J, Maurer HH, Scholer A (2010) J Chromatogr B 878:2726–2732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mueller DM, Duretz B, Espourteille FA, Rentsch KM (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 400:89–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wissenbach DK, Meyer MR, Remane D, Weber AA, Maurer HH (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 400:79–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mueller CA, Weinmann W, Dresen S, Schreiber A, Gergov M (2005) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19:1332–1338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dresen S, Gergov M, Politi L, Halter C, Weinmann W (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem 395:2521–2526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Picard N, Dridi D, Sauvage FL, Boughattas NA, Marquet P (2009) J Sep Sci 32:2209–2217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sauvage FL, Picard N, Saint-Marcoux F, Gaulier JM, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2009) J Sep Sci 32:3074–3083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Gnann H, Zimmermann R, Weinmann W (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 396:2425–2434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R, Mauron Y, Fathi M, Rudaz S, Hochstrasser D, Veuthey JL (2011) Clin Biochem 44:32–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Viette V, Guillarme D, Mylonas R, Mauron Y, Fathi M, Rudaz S, Hochstrasser D, Veuthey JL (2011) Clin Biochem 44:45–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gonzalez O, Alonso RM, Ferreiros N, Weinmann W, Zimmermann R, Dresen S (2011) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 879:243–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Decaestecker TN, Vande C Sr, Wallemacq PE, Van Peteghem CH, Defore DL, Van Bocxlaer JF (2004) Anal Chem 76:6365–6373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pavlic M, Libiseller K, Oberacher H (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem 386:69–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee HK, Ho CS, Iu YP, Lai PS, Shek CC, Lo YC, Klinke HB, Wood M (2009) Anal Chim Acta 649:80–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Broecker S, Herre S, Wust B, Zweigenbaum J, Pragst F (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 400:101–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wohlfarth A, Weinmann W, Dresen S (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 396:2403–2414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ristimaa J, Gergov M, Pelander A, Halmesmaki E, Ojanpera I (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 398:925–935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kala SV, Harris SE, Freijo TD, Gerlich S (2008) J Anal Toxicol 32:605–611

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feng J, Wang L, Dai I, Harmon T, Bernert JT (2007) J Anal Toxicol 31:359–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Duxbury K, Romagnoli C, Anderson M, Watts R, Waite G (2010) Ann Clin Biochem 47:415–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bouzas NF, Dresen S, Munz B, Weinmann W (2009) Anal Bioanal Chem 395:2499–2507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Baker DR, Kasprzyk-Hordern B (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:1620–1631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bjork MK, Nielsen MK, Markussen LO, Klinke HB, Linnet K (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 396:2393–2401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Baselt RC (2009) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Biomedical Publications, Foster City

    Google Scholar 

  35. Remane D, Meyer MR, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH (2010) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:3103–3108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Matuszewski BK, Constanzer ML, Chavez-Eng CM (2003) Anal Chem 75:3019–3030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hopley C, Bristow T, Lubben A, Simpson A, Bull E, Klagkou K, Herniman J, Langley J (2008) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:1779–1786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Maurer HH, Pfleger K, Weber AA (2007) Mass spectral and GC data of drugs, poisons, pesticides, pollutants and their metabolites. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  39. Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Zoerntlein SW, Klein ON, Kanogsunthornrat J, Maurer HH (2009) J Mass Spectrom 44:1249–1261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Zoerntlein SW, Klein ON, Kanogsunthornrat J, Maurer HH (2010) Anal Bioanal Chem 396:2379–2391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH (2010) J Mass Spectrom 45:1344–1357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Maurer HH, Pfleger K, Weber AA (2007) Mass spectral library of drugs, poisons, pesticides, pollutants and their metabolites. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  43. Philipp AA, Wissenbach DK, Weber AA, Zapp J, Maurer HH (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem 399:2747–2753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Meyer MR, Maurer HH (2010) Curr Drug Metab 11:468–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Paul LD, Musshoff F, Aebi B, Auwaerter V, Kraemer T, Peters FT, Skopp G, Aderjan R, Herbold M, Schmitt G, Thieme D, Toennes S (2009) Toxichem Krimtech 76:142–176 (http://www.gtfch.org/cms/index.php/guidelines)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Li AC, Gohdes MA, Shou WZ (2007) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21:1421–1430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rivier L (2003) Anal Chim Acta 492:69–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Balikova M (2005) Forensic Sci Int 153:85–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Beyer J, Ehlers D, Maurer HH (2006) Ther Drug Monit 28:568–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (2002) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 773:35–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Staack RF, Maurer HH (2003) J Anal Toxicol 27:560–568

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Golo M. Meyer, Andrea E. Schwaninger, Carsten Schröder, and Gabi Ulrich, as well as Kornelia Weidemann and Edeltraud Thiry (ThermoFisher Scientific Instruments, Dreieich, Germany), and Pierre-Alain Binz, Nicolas Budin, Yann Mauron, and Roman Mylonas (GeneBio, Geneva, Switzerland) for their support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany

    Dirk K. Wissenbach, Markus R. Meyer, Daniela Remane, Anika A. Philipp, Armin A. Weber & Hans H. Maurer

Authors
  1. Dirk K. Wissenbach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Markus R. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Daniela Remane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anika A. Philipp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Armin A. Weber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hans H. Maurer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hans H. Maurer.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(PDF 451 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wissenbach, D.K., Meyer, M.R., Remane, D. et al. Drugs of abuse screening in urine as part of a metabolite-based LC-MSn screening concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 400, 3481–3489 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5032-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5032-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation