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Périodes critiques de plasticité des cartes sensorielles corticales

Plasticity of cortical sensory maps: Molecular determinants of critical periods

  • Neurosciences
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Résumé

Les cartes sensorielles consistent dans des représentations ordonnées des récepteurs périphériques sur le cortex cérébral. Très variables selon les espèces, elles sont plastiques et peuvent être modifiées par des privations sensorielles lésionnelles ou fonctionnelles. Pendant certaines phases critiques du développement, les afférences sensorielles ont un rôle proéminent et provoquent certaines modifications irréversibles de l’organisation de ces cartes. Récemment, cette étude est passée de l’ère d’une description phénoménologique à un début de compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires. Des études génétiques chez la souris ont permis en particulier de démontrer le rôle important des neurotrophines ainsi que des neuromédiateurs comme le glutamate, le GABA et la 5-HT dans la plasticité développementale des cartes sensorielles. Des propriétés de neurotransmission, de réceptivité aux facteurs trophiques et de mobilité des neurones pourraient expliquer la plus grande plasticité des cartes pendant le développement.

Abstract

Cortical sensory maps are topographically ordered projections of the peripheral sensory receptors. The size of the representation of different body parts is determined by the number of sensory receptors in the periphery, with substantial variations between species, even amongst closely related mammals. Maps can be modified during critical periods of development, as has been most thoroughly characterised in the visual and the somatosensory system. Recently the field has moved from a phenomenological to a molecular era: studies using mouse genetics demonstrate the importance of molecules such as neurotrophins and of neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA and serotonin for the developmental plasticity of these maps. Serotonin and neurotrophins acts on receptors that are transiently expressed on the thalamocortical axons. The radical changes in gene expression patterns that occurr during this period in both the thalamus and the cerebral cortex could underlie the time course of this very particular form of plasticity.

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  1. INSERM U106, Hôpital Salpêtrière, 47, blvd de l’Hôpital, 75651, Paris Cedex 13

    Patricia Gaspar (Docteur en médecine, directeur de recherches INSERM)

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Correspondence to Patricia Gaspar.

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Gaspar, P. Périodes critiques de plasticité des cartes sensorielles corticales. Psychiatr Sci Hum Neurosci 1, 22–30 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03005190

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