Skip to main content
Log in

Spelling error interpretation: beyond the phonetic/dysphonetic dichotomy

  • Published:
Annals of Dyslexia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

If spelling errors are classified simply as auditory or visual, or as phonetically accurate or inaccurate, manifestations of both developmental phenomena and possible linguistic process deficits in spelling may be overlooked or misinterpreted. Phonological process deficits in spelling are more complex than simple phonetic ratings will reflect. Spelling errors may yield useful information about specific language disabilities if linguistically informed criteria for analysis are employed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M. 1990.Beginning to Read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailet, L. L. 1990. Spelling rule usage among students with learning disabilities and normally achieving students.Journal of Learning Disabilities 23:121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissex, G. 1980.Gnys at Wrk: A Child Learns to Write and Read. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boder, E. 1971. Developmental dyslexia: Prevailing diagnostic concepts and a new diagnostic approach.In H. R. Myklebust (ed.).Progress in Learning Disabilities (Vol. 2). New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boder, E. 1973. Developmental dyslexia: A developmental approach based on three atypical reading-spelling patterns.Developmental Medicine and Child Nuerology 15:663–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boder, E. and Jarrico, S. 1982.The Boder Test of Reading-Spelling Patterns: A diagnostic screening test for subtypes of reading disability. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, M. 1988. The word recognition and spelling of dyslexic children.Reading Research Quarterly 23:51–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, P. E. and Impey, L. 1986. The similarities between normal readers and developmental and acquired dyslexics.Cognition 24:121–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, J. F. 1987. The use of morphological knowledge in spelling derived forms by learning-disabled and normal students.Annals of Dyslexia 37:90–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, L. 1981. Misspelling analysis in dyslexia: Observation of developmental strategy shifts.Bulletin of the Orton Dyslexia Society 31:123–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, M. 1975. Specific developmental dyslexia.In E. H. Lenneberg and E. Lenneberg (eds.).Foundations of Language Development: A multidisciplinary approach, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehri, L. 1989. The development of spelling skill and its role in reading acquisition and reading disability.Journal of Learning Disabilities 22:356–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. W. 1985. The cognitive neuropsychology of developmental (and acquired) dyslexia: A critical survey.Cognitive Neuropsychology 2:169–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felton, R. H., and Wood, F. B. 1989. Cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention deficit disorder.Journal of Learning Disabilities 1:3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finucci, J. M., Isaacs, S. D., Whitehouse, C. C., and Childs, B. 1983. Classification of spelling errors and their relationship to reading ability, sex, grade placement, and intelligence.Brain and Language 20:340–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F. W., Shankweiler, D., and Liberman, I. Y. 1985. Spelling proficiency and sensitivity to word structure.Journal of Memory and Language 24:423–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. 1980. Unexpected spelling problems.In U. Frith (ed.),Cognitive Processes in Spelling. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. and Frith, C. 1983. Relationships between reading and spelling.In J. P. Kavanagh and R. L. Venezky (eds.).Orthography, Reading, and Dyslexia. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R. 1984.An Introduction to Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, P R., Hanna, J. S., Hodges, R. E., and Rudorf, E. H. 1966.Phoneme-grapheme correspondences as cues to spelling improvement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, M. 1989. Children’s word structure knowledge: Implications for decoding and spelling instruction.Reading and Writing 2:135–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, A. E. and Caramazza, A. 1990. The effects of attentional deficits on reading and spelling.In A. Caramazza (ed.).Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neurolinguistics: Advances in Models of Cognitive Function and Impairment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, P. R. and Norris, J. A. 1989. On the nature of phonological development: Evidence from normal children’s spelling errors.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 32:787–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Invernizzi, M. and Worthy, M. J. 1989. An orthographic-specific comparison of the spelling errors of learning disabled and normal children across four grade levels of spelling achievement.Reading Psychology 10:173–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, R. D. 1992. The biology of phonological development.In C. A. Ferguson, L. Menn, and C. Stoel-Gammon (eds.).Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications. Timonium, MD: York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, S. C., and Hammill, D. D. 1986.Test of written spelling. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, I. Y. and Shankweiler, D. 1985. Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write.Remedial and Special Education 6:8–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, G. R. and Moats, L. C. 1988. Critical issues in instruction of the learning disabled.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56:830–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moats, L. C. 1983. A comparison of the spelling errors of older dyslexics and second- grade normal children.Annals of Dyslexia 33:121–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moats, L. C., Smith, C., and Haser, J. 1992. Phonological deficits evident in the spelling errors of third and fifth graders with spelling disability. Unpublished manuscript.

  • Nelson, H. E. 1980. Analysis of spelling errors in normal and dyslexic children.In U. Frith (ed.)Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orton, S. 1937.Reading, Writing, and Speech Problems in Children. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, B. F., McCabe, L. L., Smith, S. D., Lefly, D. L., Bookman, M. O., Kimberling, W. J., and Lubs, H. A. 1986. Spelling errors in adults with a form of familial dyslexia.Child Development 57:1001–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, C. 1986.Children’s Creative Spelling. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H. 1988. Morphological knowledge and early writing ability.Language and Speech 31:337–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., Patterson, P. A., and Kantor, P. A. 1991. Morphological development and writing ability in children and adults.Language, Speech and Hearing Services in the Schools 22:228–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlagal, R. C. 1992. Patterns of orthographic development into the intermediate grades.In S. Templeton and D. R. Bear (eds.).Development of Orthographic Knowledge and the Foundations of Literacy: A memorial festschrift for Edmund H. Henderson. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidenberg, M. and McClelland, J. 1989. A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.Psychological Review 96:523–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snowling, M., Hulme, C., Wells, B. and Goulandris, N. 1992. Continuities between speech and spelling in a case of developmental dyslexia.Reading and Writing 4: 19–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snowling, M., Stackhouse, J., and Rack, J. 1986. Phonological dyslexia and dysgraphia— a developmental analysis.Cognitive Neuropsychology 3:309–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanovich, K. 1988. Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model.Journal of Learning Disabilities 21:590–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, C. M. 1983. Spelling errors in context.British Journal of Psychology. 74:353–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, J. E., and Rourke, B. P. 1985. Spelling disability subtypes.In B. P. Rourke (ed.).Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities: Essentials of subtype analysis. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venezky, R. L. 1970.The structure of English orthorgraphy. The Hague: Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viise, N. M. 1992. A comparison of child and adult spelling development. Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moats, L.C. Spelling error interpretation: beyond the phonetic/dysphonetic dichotomy. Annals of Dyslexia 43, 174–185 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02928180

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02928180

Keywords

Navigation