Skip to main content
Log in

The influence of polycrystal grain size on several mechanical properties of materials

  • Published:
Metallurgical Transactions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ductile-brittle transition, hardness, fatigue, and creep behavior of polycrystalline materials are known to be influenced under certain conditions by the polycrystal grain size. These properties have been correlated, historically, with the material stress-strain behavior. The (Hall-Petch) stress-grain size relations are useful for describing the complete stress-strain behavior for polycrystals and, therefore, these relations provide a reference for understanding the manner in which these other properties should also depend on the grain size. In some cases, the grain size dependence of a particular property follows directly from this connection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E. O. Hall:Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1951, vol. B64, p. 747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. N. J. Petch:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1953, vol. 174, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. W. Armstrong, I. Codd, R. M. Douthwaite, and N. J. Petch:Phil. Mag., 1962, vol. 7, p. 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. N. J. Petch:Phil. Mag., 1956, vol. 1, p. 866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R. W. Armstrong:Adv. in Materials Research, IV, Wiley-Interscience, N. Y., 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  6. G. I. Taylor:J. Inst. Metals, 1938, vol. 62, p. 307.

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. J. Marcinkowski and H. A. Lipsitt:Acta Met., 1962, vol. 10, p. 95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Y. Chin, W. F. Hosford, Jr., and W. A. Backofen:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1964, vol. 230, p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. D. Meakin and N. J. Petch: The University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England; presentation at Symposium on The Role of Substructure in the Mechanical Behavior of Metals, Dec. 5–7,1962, Orlando, Fla.; P. C. Jindal and R. W. Armstrong:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967, vol. 239, p. 1856.

  10. R. W. Armstrong:Acta Met., 1968, vol. 16, p. 347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R. W. Armstrong:Dislocation Dynamics, p. 293, McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. Y., 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. W. Armstrong:Acta Met., 1967, vol. 15, p. 667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D. V. Wilson:Met. Sci. J., 1967, vol. 1, p. 40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. . H. Westbrook, H. W. Schadler, and R. L. Fleischer (General Electric Research Laboratories, Schenectady, N. Y.) and A. A. Johnson (Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.): presentation at spring meeting of AIME in New York, 1964; J. H. Westbrook:Met. Rev., 1964, vol. 9, p. 415.

  15. F. E. Hauser, P. R. Landon, and J. E. Dorn:Trans. ASM, 1956, vol. 48, p.986.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. N. Stroh:Adv. in Phys., 1957, vol. 6, p. 418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Smith:Acta Met., 1966, vol. 14, pp. 985,991;Met. Sci. J., 1967, vol. 1, p. 119.

    Google Scholar 

  18. E. Smith and J. T. Barnby:Met. Sci. J., 1967, vol. 1, p. 56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. R. W. Armstrong:J. Ocean Engineering, 1969, vol. 1, p. 239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A. H. Cottrell:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1958, vol. 212, p. 192.

    Google Scholar 

  21. N. J. Petch:Phil. Mag., 1958, vol. 3, p. 1089;Fracture, p. 54, Wiley and Technology Press, N. Y., 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. R. W. Armstrong:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 9, p. 1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. R. Low:Relation of Properties to Microstructure, p. 163, ASM, Cleveland, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. Heslop and N. J. Petch:Phil. Mag, 1956, vol. 1, p. 866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. D. Hull and I. L. Mogford:Phil. Mag., 1958, vol. 3, p. 1213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Cracknell and N. J. Petch:Acta Met., 1955, vol. 3, p. 186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. R. W. Armstrong: Brown University Report E38, 1967.

  28. G. A. Alers, R. W. Armstrong, and J. H. Bechtold:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1958, vol. 212, p. 523.

    Google Scholar 

  29. R. Hill:Plasticity, p. 245, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  30. T. R. Wilshaw and P. L. Pratt:J. Mech. Phys. Sol, 1966, vol. 14, p. 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. T. J. Agnor and M. E. Shank:J. Appl. Phys., 1950, vol. 21, p. 939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. G. W. Greenwood and A. G. Quarrell:J. Inst. Metals, 1953–54, vol. 82, p. 551.

    Google Scholar 

  33. J. A. Chapman and D. V. Wilson:J. Inst. Metals, 1962–63, vol. 91, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. E. J. Bunce and R. E. Evans:The Metallurgy of Beryllium, p. 246, Chapman and Hall, London, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  35. H. Conrad and I. Perlmutter:Conf. Intern. sur la Met. du Beryllium, p. 319, French University Press, Paris, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  36. W. H. Bassett and C. H. Davis:AIME Trans., 1919, vol. 60, p. 428.

    Google Scholar 

  37. H. L. Walker and W. J. Craig: AIME Tech. Pub. 2478, Metals Technology, 1948.

  38. G. M. Sinclair and W. J. Craig:Trans. ASM, 1952, vol. 44, p. 929.

    Google Scholar 

  39. S. L. Chanon and H. L. Walker:Trans. ASM, 1953, vol. 45, p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  40. W. J. Babyak and F. N. Rhines:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1960, vol. 218, p. 542; discussion,ibid., p. 1122.

    Google Scholar 

  41. C. Jindal and R.W. Armstrong:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967, vol. 239, p. 1856;Ibid., 1969, vol. 245, p. 623.

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. T. Angus and P. F. Summers:J. Inst. Metals, 1925, vol. 33, p. 115.

    Google Scholar 

  43. G. W. Wensch and H. L. Walker:Trans. ASM, 1952, vol. 44, p. 1186.

    Google Scholar 

  44. T Ishigaki:Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 1927, vol. 16(2), p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  45. R. F. Bunshah and R. W. Armstrong: Univ. Cal. Lawrence Rad. Lab. Preprint 70718, 1968;Mater. Res. Bull., 1969, vol. 4, p. 239.

  46. H. Hu and R. S. Cline:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1968, vol. 242, p. 1013; R. W. Armstrong and P. C. Jindal:ibid., p. 2513.

    Google Scholar 

  47. D. Tabor:J. Inst. Metals, 1951, vol. 79, p. 1;The Hardness of Metals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  48. E. O. Hall:Nature, 1954, vol. 173, p. 948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. F. C. Holden, H. R. Ogden, and R. I. Jaffee:AIME Trans., 1953, vol. 197, p. 238.

    Google Scholar 

  50. A. T. Churchman:Acta Met., 1955, vol. 3, p. 22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. D. S. Dugdale:J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1958, vol. 6, p. 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. H. Buckle:Met. Rev., 1959, vol. 4, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  53. R. W. Armstrong:J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1961, vol. 9, p. 196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. G. M. Sinclair and W. J. Craig:Trans. ASM, 1952, vol. 44, p. 929.

    Google Scholar 

  55. H. Okubo, S. Murakami, and K. Hosono:J. Inst. Metals, 1962–63, vol. 91, p.95.

    Google Scholar 

  56. R. P. Carreker:Trans. ASM, 1952, vol. 44, p. 946.

    Google Scholar 

  57. T. E. Mitchell and P. R. Thornton:Phil Mag., 1963, vol. 8, p. 1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. P. G. Forrest and A. E. L. Tate:J. Inst. Metals, 1964–65, vol. 93, p. 438.

    Google Scholar 

  59. G. A. Miller, D. H. Avery, and W. A. Backofen:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol.236, p. 1667.

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. Oates and D. V. Wilson:Acta Met., 1964, vol. 12, p. 21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Yoshikawa and F. Sugeno;Trans. TMS-AIME, 1965, vol. 233, p. 1314.

    Google Scholar 

  62. M. Klesnil, M. Holzmann, P. Lukas, and P. Rys:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, vol.203, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  63. A. M. Adair and H. A. Lipsitt:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol. 236, p. 1235.

    Google Scholar 

  64. W. L. Phillips and R. W. Armstrong:J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1969, vol. 17, p.265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. P. O. Kettunen:Acta Poly. Scand, 1964, Chap. 29;Phil Mag., 1966, vol. 14, p. 421.

  66. F. Garofalo:Fundamentals of Creep and Creep-Rupture in Metals, The Macmillan Co., N. Y., 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  67. J. J. Gilman:Trans. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, p. 597.

    Google Scholar 

  68. P. Feltham:Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 1956, vol. B69, p. 1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. P. Feltham and J. D. Meakin:Acta Met., 1959, vol. 7, p. 614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. P. Feltham and G. J. Copley:Phil Mag., 1960, vol. 5, p. 649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. O. D. Sherby:Acta Met., 1962, vol. 10, p. 135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. A. Seeger:Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Crystals, p. 243, John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  73. H. Conrad:J. Iron Steel Inst., 1961, vol. 198, p. 364;Ironand Its Dilute Solid Solutions, p. 315, Interscience, N. Y., 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. Heslop and N. J. Petch:Phil. Mag., 1958, vol. 3, p. 1128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. J. D. Campbell and J. Harding:Response of Metals to High Velocity Deformation, p. 51, Interscience, N. Y., 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  76. H. Conrad and W. D. Robertson:AIME Trans., 1957, vol. 209, p. 503;ibid., 1958, vol. 212, p. 536.

    Google Scholar 

  77. P. Shahinian and J. R. Lane:Trans. ASM, 1953, vol. 45, p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Armstrong, R.W. The influence of polycrystal grain size on several mechanical properties of materials. Metall Trans 1, 1169–1176 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02900227

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02900227

Keywords

Navigation