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The origin and distribution of the golden nematode and its potential in the U.S.A.

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Abstract

Potato cyst-nematodes,Globodera pallida andG. rostochiensis (golden nematode), and their preferred host, the potato, originated in the Andes of South America. Both were introduced into Europe from the Andean region, the potato about 1570 and the nematode nearly 300 years later. Potato cyst-nematodes are believed to have been introduced into Europe in the 1850’s along with potato collections from the Andes for use in breeding for late blight resistance, but the nematodes went unnoticed until 1881. Since that time the nematodes have spread to virtually everywhere that potatoes are grown, as one or both species have now been reported from 47 countries. It is believed that the golden nematode was introduced into the U.S.A. from Europe on military equipment brought back after the First World War to Long Island, NY, but the nematode was not recognized until some 20 years later. Yield losses in countries with general infestations of potato cyst-nematodes are probably 9% or more; the potential for losses is greatest in countries where average yields are greatest, such as the U.S.A. Good resistance to the pathotype of the nematode that occurs in the U.S.A. is commercially available. If all potatoes grown in the U.S.A. contained this resistance, further spread would be restricted and the golden nematode could perhaps be eliminated from the U.S.A.; but the present supply and diversity of resistant varieties are insufficient for the total potato acreage. Restricting spread of the golden nematode in the U.S.A. minimizes costs borne by growers and government agencies in dealing with the pest. At present, the most promising approach to restricting spread is through management systems developed for keeping nematode densities below the critical level above which spread will occur. If the golden nematode is to be contained, management systems must eventually be applied to all potato acreages. Increased research effort is needed to develop resistant varieties, resistance to a broad range of pathotypes, nematode management systems, and biological control

Resumen

El nemátodo de quiste de la papa,Globodera pallida yG. rostochiensis (nemátodo dorado), y su hospedero preferido, la papa, se originaron en los Andes de América del Sur. Ambos fueron introducidos a Europa casi 300 años después. Se cree que los nemátodos de quiste de papa fueron introducidos en la década de 1850 conjuntamente con colecciones de papa provenientes de los Andes con fines de ser utilizadas en mejoramiento a resistencia contra el tizón tardío, pero los nemátodos pasaron desapercibidos hasta 1881. Desde esa fecha los nemátodos se han dispersado casi por todas las regiones donde se siembra papa, y 47 países han reportado una o ambas especies. Se piensa que el nemátodo dorado fué introducido a los Estados Unidos desde Europa en equipo militar traido a Long Island, N.Y. después de la primera guerra mundial, pero ésto no fué reconocido hasta 20 años después. Mermas en rendimiento en países donde la infestatión es generalizada es probablemente 9% o más; el potencial de péridas es mayor en países donde los rendimientos promedios están entre los más altos, tal como los Estados Unidos. Existe un nivel muy alto de resistencia al patotipo que se encuentra en los Estados Unidos en variedades comerciales. Si todas las papas sembradas en los Estados Unidos tuvieran esta resistencia, se restringiría su dispersión y el nemátodo dorado podría ser eliminado de este país pero la oferta y diversidad actual de variedades resistentes no abastece el hectareaje requerido de papa. Restringiendo la dispersión del nemátodo dorado se minimizaría el costo sufrido por los agricultures y de las agencias gubernamentales que están a cargo de esta plaga. En el présente, el enfoque más prometedor para restringir la dispersión es por medio de un manejo desarrollado para mantener las densidades de nemátodos por debajo de un nivel crítico, por encima del cual sí ocurre la dispersión. Si se va a contener el nemátodo de quiste, el sistema de manejo tendría que ser utilizado en todo el hectareaje de papa. Se necesita incrementar la investigatión para desarrollar variedades resistentes a un rango amplio de patotipos, sistema de manejo y control biológico

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Evans, K., Brodie, B.B. The origin and distribution of the golden nematode and its potential in the U.S.A.. American Potato Journal 57, 79–89 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02853888

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