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Phytogeographic relationships between neotropical and African-Madagascan pteridophytes

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the floristic affinities of pteridophytes between the neotropics and Africa-Madagascar and examine how these affinities might have arisen. We present an annotated list that contains two kinds of affinities: 1) species in common between both regions (excluding pantropical species) and 2) species pairs (or clusters of species paris) where one of the species (or infrageneric group) occurs in the Neotropics and the other in Africa and/or Madagascar. There are 114 examples on the list, of which 27 are same-species and 87 are species pairs or closely related taxa at some infrageneric level. About 13% of the African pteridoflora and 14% of the Madagascan pteridoflora show affinities with the Neotropics. To determine how these similarities might have originated, we assess three hypotheses: 1) the boreotropics hypothesis, 2) continental drift, and 3) long-distance dispersal. The boreotropics hypothesis is difficult to assess without further phylogenetic information on the groups to which the species belong. Continental drift seems to best explain one example in the geologically old family Schizaeaceae (species inAnemia subgen.Coptophyllum sect.Tomentosae). Nearly all the other examples seem best explained by long-distance dispersal because they belong to families that first appeared during the Paleocene, more than 30 million yearsafter drift had effectively separated South America and Africa. Most of the dispersal events appear to have taken place from the neotropics to Africa-Madagascar, but recent African extinctions may have obscured directionality. Species with green spores or gemmiferous gametophytes were slightly overrepresented on the list compared to pteridophytes as a whole.

Resumen

Los propósitos de este estudio son determinar las afinidades florísticas de pteridofitas entre el neotrópico y la región de África-Madagascar y examinar como estas han ocurrido. Se presenta una lista con anotaciones que contiene dos tipos de afinidades: 1) especies en común entre las dos regiones (omitiendo las especies pantropicales) y 2) parejas de especies (grupos de especies) donde una de las especies (o grupo infragenérico) existe en el neotrópico y la otra en África y/o Madagascar. Hay 114 ejemplos en la lista, de los cuales 27 son la misma especie y 87 son parejas o taxa cercanamente relacionadas en algun nivel infragenérico. Casi el 13% de la pteridoflora de África y 14% de la pteridoflora de Madagascar presentan afinidades al neotrópico. Para determinar como se originaron estas similaridades, se examinaron tres hipóteses: 1) la hipótesis boreotrópica, 2) deriva continental, y 3) dispersión a larga distancia. La hipótesis boreotrópica es difícil de evaluar sin suficiente información filogenética sobre los grupos a los que las especies pertenecen. La deriva continental parece explicar mejor un ejemplo en la familia geológicamente antigua Schizaeaceae (especies enAnemia subgen.Coptophyllum sect.Tomentosae). Casi todos los otros ejemplos parecen explicarse mejor por dispersión a larga distancia ya que pretenecen a familias que aparecieron por primera vez durante el Paleoceno, más de 30 millones de años antes de que deriva continental separara América del Sur y África. La mayoría de los casos de dispersión aparecen haber tomado lugar desde el neotrópico hasta África-Madagascar, pero extinciones recientes quizás han obscurecido la direcionalidad. Las especies con esporas verdes o gametofitos gemíferos están representadas con más frecuencia en nuestra lista en contraste con las pteridofitas en general.

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  1. The New York Botanical Garden, 10458-5126, Bronx, NY, U.S.A.

    Robbin C. Moran

  2. University Herbarium, University of California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. #2465, 94720-2465, Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.

    Alan R. Smith

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Moran, R.C., Smith, A.R. Phytogeographic relationships between neotropical and African-Madagascan pteridophytes. Brittonia 53, 304–351 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02812704

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