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References

  1. Once more I am greatly obliged to the editor of this Journal, Professor Wolfgang Haase, for his assistance.

  2. Archäologie I: Einleitung: Historischer Ueberblick, Sammlung Göschen Band 158 (Berlin, 1953); there is also Hellmut Sichtermann,Kulturgeschichte der klassischen Archäologie (München, 1996), and there is, for basic information on monuments, sites, artists, scholars, etc.,An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996). M. tells us (p. xxiii) that she has ‘attenuated her treatment of those largely excluded from the cultural-political contests of the modern era in Germany, most notably, Catholics and women’. In fact a number of the Southerners whom she mentions were Catholics, but a study ofGeist und Gestalt: Biographische Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vornehmilich im zweiten Jahrhundert ihres Bestehens I:Geisteswissenschaften (München, 1959; it contains accounts of Heinrich Brunn and Adolf Furtwängler by Ernst Buschor) and of the works of Rudolf Pfeiffer, particularly some of the essays contained in hisAusgewählte Schriften: Aufsätze und Vorträge zur griechischen Dichtung und zum Humanismus, ed. W. Bühler (München, 1960) would help to show that Catholics have not been after all quite so much excluded.

  3. For details of the table of contents see the listing of the book among “Publications Received,” this journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 659.

  4. Professor Haase reminds me that early German liberals raised ‘a dissenting voice calling the “classicists” down from Olympus’; he refers me to Wolfgang von Hippel, ‘Das Land der Griechen mit der Seele suchend? Das klassische Griechenland im Spiegel frühliberaler Weltanschauung’, in:Lebendige Antike: Rezeption der Antike in Politik, Kunst und Wissenschaft der Neuzeit. Kolloquium für Wolfgang Schiering, ed. Reinhard Stupperich, Mannheimer historische Forschungen 6 (Mannheim, 1995), 153–172.

  5. Martin Bernal,Black Athena: the Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. 1 (London; New Brunswick, N.J., 1987) and vol. 2 (London; New Brunswick, N.J., 1991). On this work see Mary R. Lefkowitz,Not Out of Africa (New York, 1996; revised paperback edition, New York, 1997) and Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy M. Rogers (eds.),Black Athena Revisited (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997). Those who have treated Bernal’s book as a serious work of learning ought to remember that if an author shares one’s political views, that does not mean that one can trust his scholarship. For more on the complex debate surrounding the Bernal thesis, see my review article ‘Interesting Times’, in this journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 580–613; here, 596f. with n. 56.

  6. Josine H. Blok, ‘Proof and Persuasion in Black Athena: the Case of K.O. Müller’,Journal of the History of Ideas 57 (1996), 705–724.

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  7. Faust. Der Tragödie Erster Teil, 558 ff. (Goethe,Sämtliche Werke, ed. E. Beutler, vol. 5 [Zürich, 1950], 161; Goethe,Faust, Part One, Translated with an Introduction by D. Luke [Oxford and New York, 1987], p. 20). See Karl Deichgräber, ‘Goethe und Hippokrates’,Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 29 (1936), 27–56, repr. in Id.,Ausgewählte Kleine Schriften, ed. H. Gärtner, E. Heitsch, and U. Schindel (Hildesheim, München, and Zürich, 1984), 363–392, esp. 386 ff.

  8. For relevant recent bibliography on Weber and Mommsen see my review article ‘Interesting Times’ (above, n. 5) 583 tis journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 583 with n. 8.

  9. For both cf. my review article ‘Interesting Times’ (above, n. 5), in this journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 594 with n. 49.

  10. My own essay ‘Nietzsche and the Study of the Ancient World’, which M. knows fromStudies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition, ed. J.C. O’Flaherty and R.M. Helm (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976), is reprinted in my bookBlood for the Ghosts. Classical influences in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (London, 1982); for more recent literature cf. my review article ‘Interesting Times’ (above, n. 5), 606 wis journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 606 with n. 85. On Nietzsche andDie Geburt der Tragödie see most recently Thomas Heilke,Nietzsche’s Tragic Regime: Culture, Aesthetics, and Political Education (DeKalb, Ill., 1998). For a recent orientation, with references mainly to ‘philosophical’ (as distinct from ‘philological’) interpretative studies in English, see K. Ansell-Pearson,An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker: The Perfect Nihilist (Cambridge, new York, Oakleigh [Melbourne], 1994, repr. 1997), 63–82 (ch. 3, ‘Nietzsche and the Greeks: culture versus politics’).

  11. Here M. could have referred to Renate Schlesier’s article’” Arbeiter in Useners Weinberg”: Anthropologie und Antike Religionsgeschichte in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg’, in:Altertumswissenschaft in der 20er Jahren. Neue Fragen und Impulse, ed. H. Flashar (Stuttgart, 1995), 329–380 (cf. my ‘Interesting Times’ [above, n. 5, in this journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 604ff.)].

  12. On Dahn and German historical ideology in the late 19th century see now Helmut Berding, ‘Völkische Erinnerungskultur und nationale Mythenbildung zwischen dem Kaiserreich und dem “Dritten Reich’”, in:Dimensionen der Historik: Geschichtstheorie, Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Geschichtskultur heute, eds. H.W. Blanke, F. Jaeger, and Th. Sandkühler (Köln, Weimar, and Wien, 1998), 87f.

  13. M. (p. 165) says that after the era of Georg Heinrich Pertz theMonumenta series ‘was put under the professional supervision of Roman historian Theodor Mommsen’. However, it should be noted that Mommsen never became the director of the whole project. He was, beginning in 1875, a member of theZentraldirektion and, from 1876, the extraordinarily efficient director of the sub-seriesAuctores Antiquissimi, which started publication in 1877. See for a narrative history Harry Bresslau,Geschichte der Monumenta Germaniae Histoica (=Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 42) (Hannover, 1921), 522ff, 534–541, for simple facts and dates Herbert Grundmann,Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1819–1969 (München, 1969), p. 6 and 26, and for a modern perspective on the whole project and its leaders Horst Fuhrmann, «Sind eben alles Menschen gewesen»: Gelehrtenleben im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Dargestellt am Beispiel der Monumenta Germaniae Historica und ihrer Mitarbeiter (München, 1969) (on Mommsen, p. 48 and 52).

  14. See the bibliography in Norden’sKleine Schriften zum klassischen Altertum, ed. B. Kytzler (Berlin, 1966). See E. Mensching,Nugae zur Philologie-Geschichte VI:Erinnerungen an Eduard Norden (Berlin, 1993);Eduard Norden (1868–1941); ein deutscher Gelehrter jüdischer Herkunft, ed. B. Kytzler, K. Rudolph, J. Rüpke, Palingenesia 49 (Stuttgart, 1994), and W.A. Schröder’s article on Norden inBiographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland, ed. M. Tielke, II (Aurich, 1997), 261–269.

  15. Cf. most recentlyKarl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884), ed. E. Freier and W.F. Reineke, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 20 (Berlin, 1988) and Cornelia Essner, ‘Karl Richard Lepsius’, in:Berlinische Lebensbilder, vol. 4:Geisteswissenschaftler, ed. M. Erbe, Einzelveröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin 60 (Berlin, 1989), 143–155.

  16. See M. Walsh, ‘Biblical scholarship and literary criticism,’, in:The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, IV.The Eighteenth Century, ed. H.B. Nisbet and C. Rawson (Cambridge and New York, 1997), 758–777.

  17. For Wilamowitz and Wellhausen see Wilamowitz,Erinnerungen, 1848–1914 (2nd. edn., Leipzig, 1929), 188–91, and the index toWilamowitz nach 50 Jahren, ed. W.M. Calder III, H. Flashar and Th. Lindken (Darmstadt, 1985) under Wellhausen’s name; also A. Momigliano,New Paths of Classicism in the Nineteenth Century, History and Theory, Beiheft 2 (Middletown, CT, 1982), 49–55, repr. in Id.,Studies on Modern Scholarship, ed. G.W. Bowersock and T.J. Cornell (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1994), 266–280. Mommsen and Harnack’s relationship is now documented and studied in its historical context by Stefan Rebenich,Theodor Mommsen und Adolf Harnack: Wissenschaft und Politik im Berlin des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts. Mit einem Anhang: Edition und Kommentierung des Briefwechsels (Berlin and New York, 1997).

  18. On Humann see W.M. Calder III inAn Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology (above, n. 2, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996)), I, 600; on Wiegand, Id.An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996)), I, 600, ib. Wiegand,An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996)), II, 1193f.; on Koldewey, Id.An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996)), II, 1193f., ib. Koldewey,An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, ed. Nancy Thomson de Grummond, 2 vols. (Westport, CT, 1996)), I, 646f., on Delitzsch, Reinhard G. Lehmann,Friedrich Delitzsch und der Bibel-Babel-Streit (Göttingen, 1994). On the British predecessors and competitors of the German archaeologists, esp. Austen Henry Layard, see now Mogens Trolle Larsen,The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique land (London and New York, 1996).

  19. See the relevant remarks in the reviews of the volumeWilamowitz nach 50 Jahren, cited in n. 17 above Wilamowitz and Wellhausen see Wilamowitz,Erinnerungen, 1848–1914 (2nd. edn., Leipzig, 1929), 188–91, ed. W.M. Calder III, H. Flashar and Th. Lindken (Darmstadt, 1985), by R. Kassel,Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 239 (1987), 195 f.=R.K.,Kleine Schriften, ed. H.-G. Nesselrath (Berlin, 1991), 541 f. and myself,Classical Review 36, 1986, 295 f.=H. Ll.-J.,Greek Comedy, Hellenistic Literature, Greek Religion, and Miscellanea: Academic Papers [II] (Oxford, 1990), 400 f.

  20. Vermächtnis der Antike. Gesammelte Essays zur Philosophie und Geschichtsschreibung, ed. C. Becker (Göttingen, 1960; 2nd, rev. ed., ibid.Vermächtnis der Antike. Gesammelte Essays zur Philosophie und Geschichtsschreibung, ed. C. Becker (Göttingen, 1966), 348, from the famous article ‘Die Klasische Philologie und das Klassische’, first published inGeistige Überlieferung, das zweite Jahrbuch (Berlin, 1942) 35–65, first reprinted in K.R.,Von Werken und Formen (Godesberg, 1948), 419–457, afterVermächtnis der Antike also reprinted in:Begriffsbestimmung der Klassik und des Klassischen, ed. Heinz Otto Burger, Wege der Forschung CCX (Darmstadt, 1972), 66–97.

  21. For a balanced account of George and politics into the 1930s see now Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum, ‘Stefan George und der Staat’, in:Festschrift für Martin Heckel zum siebzigsten Geburtstag, ed. K.-H. Kästner, K.W. Nörr, and K. Schlaich (Tübingen, 1999), 915–939.

  22. There is an excellent account of this work by Albert Henrichs inWilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (above, n. 17 Wilamowitz and Wellhausen see Wilamowitz,Erinnerungen, 1848–1914 (2nd. edn., Leipzig, 1929), 188–91); ed. W.M. Calder III, H. Flashar and Th. Lindken (Darmstadt, 1985); see the review of that work by R. Kassel, also cited in that note, 209 f. (=556 f.).

  23. In this connection cf. Adolf Heinrich Borbein, ‘Die Klassik-Diskussion in der Klassischen Archäologie’, in:Altertumswissenschaft in den 20er Jahren (above, n. 11.Neue Fragen und Impulse, ed. H. Flashar (Stuttgart, 1995), 329–380),Neue Fragen und Impulse, ed. H. Flashar (Stuttgart, 1995, 204–245.

  24. On Hitler’s early (and persisting) taste in architecture see now Brigitte Hamann,Hitlers Wien. Lehrjahre eines Diktators (München, 1996), 98–102=B.H.,Hitler’s Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship, trans. T. Thornton (New York and Oxford, 1999), 68–72. On National Socialist adoption and adaptation of “classicism” as the appropriate building style cf. P. Haiko, “‘Das ist klassisch’. Zur Antikerezeption in den zwanziger und dreißiger Jaharen des 20. Jahrhunderts,” in:Fremde Zeiten. Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt zum sechzigsten Geburtstag am 25. Februar 1996, dargebracht von Kollegen, Schülern und Freunden, ed. F. Blakolmer, K.R. Krierer, F. Kinzinger, et al., vol. II (Wien, 1996), 418–420.

  25. For Schachermeyr see now the astonishing homage dedicated to him in a special issue of theAmerican Journal of Ancient History, vol. 13, no. 1 (1988 [actually published 1996]), with the ‘Editor’s Introduction’: Ernst Badian, ‘In Memory of Fritz Schachermeyr’, pp. 1–10, and Gerhard Dobesch’s ‘Allgemeine Würdigung’, pp. 11–55, followed by A.B. Bosworth’s ‘Ingenium und Macht: Fritz Schachermeyr and Alexander the Great’, pp. 56–78, as well as a ‘Schriftenverzeichnis’ (pp. 79–91) compiled by Dobesch and Georg Rehrenböck. Badian speaks of Schachermeyr’s ‘intimate involvement with National Socialism, which probably surpassed even that of men like Wilhelm Weber’ (p. 1 f.), then notes that, after the colloquium on Alexander the Great organized by Badian and held with Schachermeyr’s participation at the Fondation Hardt in 1975, ‘my [sc. Badian’s] friendship with him was not impaired even by the more complete revelation of his Nazi past in Volker Losemann’s indispensable book…’ [sc.Nationalsozialismus und Antike: Studien zur Entwicklung des Faches Alte Geschichte 1933–1945, Historische Perspektiven 7 (Hamburg, 1977), 47, 98ff. etc.], and goes on to describe Schachermeyer’s ‘Irrwege’ as well as to analyze ‘the motives that drove him’ (p. 7 ff.), finally reaching the invigorating conclusion that ‘Schachermeyr’s own conversion [sc. from National Socialism, after 1945] is beyond doubt’.

  26. Cf. Cornelia Wegeler, “…wir sagen ab der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik”. Altertumswissenschaft und Nationalsozialismus: Das Göttinger Institut für Altertumskunde 1921–1962 (Wien, Köln and Weimar, 1996), 244–254, 261–263, and briefly P.L. Schmidt, ‘Zwischen Anpassungsdruck und Autonomiestreben: Die deutsche Latinistik vom Beginn bis in die 20er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts’, in:Altertumswissenschaft in den 20er Jahren (above, n. 11),Neue Fragen und Impulse, ed. H. Flashar (Stuttgart, 1995), 180f.

  27. Concerning Schadewaldt see my ‘Interesting Times’ (above, n. 5), in this journal (IJCT) 4.4 (Spring 1998), 585 with n. 17.

  28. See G. Lohse, ‘Geistesgeschichte und Politik: Bruno Snell als Mittler zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft’,Antike und Abendland XLIII (1997), 1–20 and cf. my remarks in ‘Interesting Times (above, n. 5), in this journal (IJCT 4.4 (Spring 1998), 585, 587, 597. On Latte see C.J. Classen, ‘Kurt Latte, Professor der Klassischen Philologie 1931–1935, 1945–1957’ in:Die klassische Altertumswissenschaft an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (above, n. 16), ed. H.B. Nisbet and C. Rawson (Cambridge and New York, 1997), 197–233; cf. C. Wegeler, “…wir sagen ab der internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik” (above, n. 26),Altertumswissenschaft und Nationalsozialismus: Das Göttinger Institut für Altertumskunde 1921–1962 (Wien, Köln and Weimar, 1996), 244–254, passim (see Index).

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  29. Walther Ludwig, ‘Amtsenthebung und Emigration Klassischer Philologen’, inBerichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 7 (1984), 161–178, who records the very great part the exiled professors played in promoting classical scholarship abroad and rendering it more international.

References

  1. Dialog: Klassische Sprachen und Literaturen 30, 1996, 80–107.

  2. Gesammelte Werke, I 206; II 292, Berlin 1987.

  3. Bernd Seidensticker, “Antikerezeption”, 436–440; zuvor E.G. Schmidt, “Die Sappho-Gedichte Johannes Bobrowskis”,Altertum 18, 1972, 49–61.

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  4. B. Seidensticker, “Antikerezeption”, 436–439.

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  1. Wellesley, Mass.

    Hugh Lloyd-Jones

  2. Department of Europe Studies, University of Natal, Natal, South Africa

    Bernhard Kytzler

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Lloyd-Jones, H., Kytzler, B. Review articles. Int class trad 5, 456–472 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02687697

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