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The continuous measurement of arterial pulse wave velocity

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Abstract

It has long been known that arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) depends on arterial extensibility. Since extensibility is a function of arterial pressure, as well as of various pathological states, the measurement of PWV provides a promising approach to the indirect monitoring of the cardiovascular system. The present paper describes a Pulse Wave Velocity Computer designed to measure and record PWV in humans. Utilizing the EKG complex and a downstream pulse signal to define pulse-transit-time over a known arterial length, the computer calculates an individual velocity value for each emitted pulse, and generates a continuous, stepwise-analog record of the PWV. Some initial experimental work with human subjects is presented. Observations are reported for the PWV during rest, during deep breathing, and during execution of Valsalva maneuvers. In all cases the continuous PWV record appears to follow closely variations in arterial pressure, apparently adhering, in the Valsalva results, more to systolic than diastolic changes. Observed subject differences attest to the PWV's diagnostic value, and it is suggested that the continuous PWV may be a significant and useful circulatory indicant.

Sommaire

Il est connu depuis longtemps que la Vitesse d'Onde Pulsatoire (PWV) dépend de l'extensibilité artérielle. L'extensibilité étant une fonction de la pression artérielle ainsi que de différents facteurs pathologiques, la mesure de la PWV constitue une approche intéressante du contrôle automatique indirect du système cardiovasculaire.

La présente étude décrit un système pour mesurer la PWV chez l'homme au moyen d'un calculateur. Ce calculateur utilise le complexe ECG et le signal du flux pulsatoire descendant pour définir la durée de son transit sur une longueur artérielle donnée et calculer la vitesse individuelle de chaque pulsation, en obtenant ainsi un enregistrement analogique progressif continu de la PWV. Quelques exemples des premières expériences sur sujets humains sont rapportés, ainsi que des observations relatives à la PWV, faites en état de repos, d'hyperpnée et au cours de l'épreuve respiratoire Valsalva. Dans tous les cas étudiés, l'enregistrement continu de la PWV semble suivre de près les variations de la pression artérielle. Au cours des épreuves Valsalva, les variations de la courbe enregistrée se rapprochent apparemment davantage des changements systoliques que diastoliques. Les différences subjectives observées attestent de la validité diagnostique de la PWV qui pourrait devenir ainsi un facteur d'utilité notable dans la détection d'incidents circulatoires.

Zusammenfassung

Seit langem ist bekannt, daß die arterielle Pulswellengeschwindigkeit (PWV) von der Elastizität der Arterien abhängt. Da die Dehnfähigkeit der Arterien sowohl vom Arteriendruck, wie auch von verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen abhängt, liefert die PWV-Messung eine vielversprechende Methode zur indirekten Kontrolle des Herzgefäßsystems. Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt einen Elektronenrechner für die Aufzeichnung und Messung der Pulswellengeschwindigkeit bei Menschen. Unter Verwendung des EKG-Komplexes und eines distallaufenden Pulses zur Bestimmung der Pulslaufzeit über eine bekannte Arterienlänge errechnet der Elektronenrechner für jeden Pulsschlag einen individuellen Geschwindigkeitswert und liefert dadurch eine stufenweise Analog-Aufzeichnung der PWV. Es wird über einige Versuche an Menschen berichtet. Die Beobachtungen erstrecken sich auf PWV während Ruhe, während Tiefatmen und während Valsalva-Atmungen. In allen Fällen scheint die PWV-Aufzeichnung den Veränderungen des Arteriendrucks sehr genau zu folgen. Bei den Valsalva-Ergebnissen scheint die Aufzeichnung mehr den Systole-als den Diastoleveränderungen zu entsprechen. An Testpersonen festgestellte Unterschiede beweisen den diagnostischen Wert der PWV. Die kontinuierlichen PWV-Registrierungen werden als nützliches Indikationsmittel bei Kreislaufphänomenen empfohlen.

Резюме

Давно известно, что скорость распространения артериальной пульсовой волны (СПВ) зависит от растяжения артерии. Так как растяжимость является функцией артериального давления, а также и многих патологических факторов, измерение СПВ дает возможность непрямого контролирования системы кровообращения. В настоящей работе описано вычислительное устройство для измерения и регистрации у человека скорости распространения артериальной пульсовой волны. Используется ЭКГ комплекс и пульсовой сигнал в нижнем конце артерии для определения времени распространения пульсовой волны по части артериального русла известной длины; вычислительное устройство подсчитывает индивидуальную величину скорости для каждого пульсового колебания и ведет непрерывную шагообразно-аналоговую запись СПВ. Начата єкспериментальная работа на людях. Сообщается о наблюдениях СПВ в покое, при глубоком дыхании и во время проведения пробу Вальсальвы. Во всех случаях видно, что непрерывно зарегистрированная СПВ строго следует за изменениями кровяного давления. Установлено, что при пробе Вальсальвы изменения в диастоле большие, чем в систоле. Наблюдаемые индивидуальные различия свидетельствуют о диагностической ценности СПВ. Высказывается предположение, что непрерывная регистрация СПВ может иметь значение и быть полезной в установлении циркуляторных изменений.

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This research was supported by Contract AF04(611)-6355 with the Air Force Flight Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California.

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Weltman, G., Sullivan, G. & Bredon, D. The continuous measurement of arterial pulse wave velocity. Med. Electron. Biol. Engng 2, 145–154 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02484213

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