Skip to main content
Log in

A simple action treshold for timing applications of a granulosis virus to controlPieris rapae [Lep.: Pieridae]

  • Published:
Entomophaga Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pieris rapae (L.) an important pest of cole crops in the northeastern United States, is susceptible to a granulosis virus,Pieris rapae GV (PrGV), that has been shown to be an effective control measure by researchers in several countries. As an alternative to weekly applications of virus to protect cabbage, we tested the use of an action threshold of one small (first-third instar) larva per plant. Results were compared with those obtained using the same threshold with permethrin, and with weekly applications of virus. Plots treated weekly with virus received 5 applications but the action threshold was exceeded only once. In all virus-treated plots, numbers of large (fourth-fifth instar) larvae remained below 0.35 per plant, and were lower at the end of the season (0.07 in plots treated weekly and 0.1 in plots treated once) than in either the untreated or permethrin-treated plots (0.5). In late August, numbers of large larvae in the check plots reached almost 3 per plant. At harvest the number of feeding holes over 0.3 cm in diameter in the 4 innermost frame and the 4 wrapper leaves were counted. Check plots differed from treated plots by an average of 124.2±6.5 holes per plant in the frame and wrapper leave; virus-treated plots had 51.1±6.9 holes more than the permethrin plots. The difference in overall damage between plots treated 5 times with virus during the season and those treated once was not significant. Plots treated once with virus had significantly more damage (7.6±2.7) to wrapper leaves than those treated five times and marketability ratings were somewhat lower, based on fresh market standards. There were no significant differences in head weight among the treatments. At harvest, a high proportion of larvae collected from the check plots were diseased (77% versus an average of 46% in the treated plots). Because of the high numbers of large larvae in the check plots in late August and the extensive damage to plants, we assumed that virus did not affect a significant number of larvae in these plots until late in the growing season.

These results indicate the usefulness of PrGV in a cabbage IPM program and that the use of action thresholds can be highly effective, particularly when insect numbers only occasionally reach damaging levels. While cabbage treated with permethrin had the least amount of injury, that treated weekly with virus was not significantly different by fresh market standards, and all cabbages treated with virus met processing standards. For the fresh market, in which cosmetic standards are more important, PrGV may have to be used weekly or with an action threshold lower than one small larva per plant.

Résumé

Pieris rapae, un important ravageur du Chou aux Etats-Unis, est sensible à un virus de la Granulose,Pieris rapae GV (PrGV), dont les chercheurs de plusieurs pays ont démontré l'efficacité en tant qu'agent de lutte. Nous avons testé l'efficacité d'un seuil d'intervention correspondant à une larve au 1er stade larvaire par plante en comparaison avec des applications hebdomadaires du virus. Le même seuil d'intervention et un traitement avec la perméthrine, ainsi que des applications hebdomadaires de virus ont été également évalués. Cinq applications hebdomadaires de virus furent effectuées alors que le seuil d'intervention n'a été dépassé qu'une seule fois. Dans le cas de tous les traitements impliquant le virus, le nombre de larves aux 4e et 5e stade ne dépassa pas 0,35 par plante. Cette valeur fut inférieure en fin de saison (0,07 pour les 5 traitements hebdomadaires, 0,1 pour le traitement unique) à celles correspondant aux parcelles non traitées et traitées à la perméthrine (0,5). Fin août, il y avait presque 3 larves aux 4e et 5e stade par plante dans la parcelle non traitée. A la récolte, les trous dus aux larves d'un diamètre supérieur à 0,3 cm dans les 4 feuilles internes et dans les 4 feuilles externes furent comptés. En absence de traitement les plantes présentèrent en moyenne 142,2±6,5 trous de plus. Les plantes correspondant aux 2 types de traitements avec le virus présentèrent 51,1±6,9 trous de plus que celles traitées avec la perméthrine. Aucune différence significative ne fut observée entre les parcelles traitées 5 fois avec le virus et celles n'ayant reçu qu'un seul traitement. Toutefois les feuilles internes étant plus endommagées (7,6±2,7) dans le cas du traitement unique, la valeur marchande du produit frais correspondant fut affectée. Les différents traitements ne semblèrent pas influencer le rendement (poids).

Ces résultats démontrent l'efficacité de PrGV dans un programme de lutte intégrée contre ce ravageur du chou et l'avantage des seuils d'intervention surtout dans le cas où le nombre d'insectes ne dépasse que rarement le seuil de nuisibilité. Bien que les choux les moins affectés furent ceux traités avec la perméthrine, leur qualité marchande en tant que produit frais n'apparut pas différer de façon significative de celle des choux traités hebdomadairement. Tous les choux traités avec le virus apparurent adéquats pour la mise en boîte. En conclusion, dans le cas où l'esthétique a une certaine importance, PrGV devrait être utilisé hebdomadairement ou avec un seuil d'intervention inférieur à une larve au premier stade par plante.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andaloro, J. T., Shelton, A. M. &Eckenrode, C. J. — 1982. Seasonal abundance of lepidopterous larvae in commercial cabbage fields. —Environ. Entomol., 11, 144–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucias, D. G., Abbas, M. S. T., Rathbone, L. &Hostettler, N. — 1987. Predators as potential dispersal agents of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus ofAnticarsia gemmatalis [Lep.: Noctuidae] in soybean. —Entomophaga, 32, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalfant, R. B., Denton, W. H., Schuster, D. J. &Workman, R. B. — 1979. Management of cabbage caterpillars in Florida and Georgia by using visual damage thresholds. —J. Econ. Entomol., 72, 411–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. F. &Adams, A. N. — 1977. Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. —J. Gen. Virol., 34, 475–483.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. F. &Bar-Joseph, M. — 1984. Enzyme immunosorbent assays in plant virology. —Adv. Virus Res., 29, 51–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer, K. G. &Granados, R. R. — 1987. A physical map of thePieris rapae granulosis virus genome. —J. Gen. Virol., 68, 1471–1476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle, P. F. &Adams, P. H. W. — 1977. Prolonged retention of infectivity in the nuclear polyhedrosis virus ofGilpinia hercyniae [Hymenoptera, Diprionidae] on foliage of spruce species. —J. Invertebr. Pathol., 29, 392–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetter, D. L., Pinnell, R. E., Greer, P. A. &Ignoffo, C. M. — 1973. A granulosis virus ofPieris rapae as a microbial control agent on cabbage in Missouri. —Environ. Entomol., 2, 1109–1112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, R. P. — 1972. Control of the cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm by viruses and bacteria. —J. Econ. Entomol., 65, 757–760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, R. P. — 1975. Persistence, accumulation, and denaturation of nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses. In: Baculoviruses for Insect Pest Control: Safety Considerations (M. Summers, R. Engler, L. A. Falcon &P. V. Vail eds.). —Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, D. C., 90–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, R. P. — 1977. Field efficacy of viruses infectious to the cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm on late cabbage. —J. Econ. Entomol., 70, 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, D. B., Laing, J. E. &Jaques, R. P. — 1979. Transmission of granulosis virus byApanteles glomeratus to its hostPieris rapaeJ. Invertebr. Pathol., 34, 317–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullagh, P. — 1980. Regression models for ordinal data. —J. R. Statist. Soc. B, 42, 109–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, C. C. — 1982. Insect viruses as control agents. —Parasitology, 84, 35–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute, Inc. — 1985. SAS user's guide: statistics, version 5. —SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, M. K., Jaques, R. M. &Laing, J. E. — 1983. Utilization of action thresholds for microbial and chemical control of lepidopterous pests [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pieridae] on cabbage. —J. Econ. Entomol., 76, 368–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sears, M. K., Shelton, A. M., Quick, T. C., Wyman, J. A. &Webb, S. E. — 1985. Evaluation of partial plant sampling procedures and corresponding action thresholds for management of Lepidoptera on cabbage. —J. Econ. Entomol., 78, 913–916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, A. M. &Andaloro, J. T. — 1982. Effect of lepidopterous larval populations on processed cabbage grades. —J. Econ. Entomol., 75, 141–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, A. M., Andaloro, J. T. &Barnard, J. — 1982. Effects of cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, and diamondback moth on fresh market and processing cabbage. —J. Econ. Entomol., 75, 742–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, A. M., Sears, M. K., Wyman, J. A. &Quick, T. C. — 1983. Comparison of action thresholds for lepidopterous larvae on fresh-market cabbage. —J. Econ. Entomol., 76, 196–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatchell, G. M. — 1981. The effects of a granulosis virus infection and temperature on the food consumption ofPieris rapae [Lep.: Pieridae]. —Entomophaga, 26, 291–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tweeten, K. A., Bulla, L. A. Jr. &Consigli, R. A. — 1977. Isolation and purification of a granulosis virus from infected larvae of the Indian meal moth,Plodia interpunctella. —Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 34, 320–327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volkman, L. E. &Falcon, L. A. — 1982. Use of monoclonal antibody in a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence ofTrichoplusia ni [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] S nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin inT. ni larvae. —J. Econ. Entomol., 75, 868–871.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. H. — 1962. Electron-micrographic particle counts of phosphotungstate-sprayed virus. —Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 61, 321–331.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. E. — 1988. Epidemiology of granulosis virus: implications for microbial control of imported cabbageworm,Artogeia rapae (L.), on cabbage. —Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, S. E. &Shelton, A. M. — 1990. The effect of age structure on the outcome of viral epizootics in field populations of imported cabbageworm. —Environ. Entomol. 19, 111–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. XC. &Backus, R. C. — 1949. Macromolecular weights determined by direct particle counting. I. The weight of the bushy stunt virus particle. —J. Am. Chem. Soc., 71, 4052–4057.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S. Y. &Yearian, W. C. — 1990. Transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus by the parasitoidMicroplitis croceipes [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] toHeliothis virescens [Lepidoptera; Noctuidae] on soybean. —Environ. Entomol., 19, 251–256.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Webb, S.E., Shelton, A.M. A simple action treshold for timing applications of a granulosis virus to controlPieris rapae [Lep.: Pieridae] . Entomophaga 36, 379–389 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377942

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02377942

Key Words

Mots Clés

Navigation