Skip to main content
Log in

Youth therapeutic alliance in intensive treatment settings

  • Regular Articles
  • Published:
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Therapeutic alliance (TA), the helping relationship that develops between a client and clinician, has received little attention in child treatment studies until recently, though it is the factor found to be most predictive of clinical outcomes. Furthermore, TA is cited as one of the most important components to effective therapy according to practicing clinicians. This study examines the TA that develops between teacher/counselors and children in 2 settings, a partial hospital/day school and a wilderness camp. An important finding in this study is the lack of relationship between the teacher/counselor's view of TA and the youth's view. Moreover, this correlation does not improve according to how long the counselors have known or have treated the youth. The implications of this and other findings are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Casey RJ, Berman JS. The outcome of psychotherapy with children.Psychological Bulletin. 1985;98(2):388–400.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kazdin AE, Bass D, Ayers WA, et al. Empirical and clinical focus of child and adolescent psychotherapy research.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1990;58(6):729–740.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Weisz JR, Weiss B, Han SS, et al. Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents revisited: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies.Psychological Bulletin. 1995;117(3):450–468.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Russel RL, Shirk SR. Child psychotherapy process research. In: Ollendick TH, Prinz RJ, eds.Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Vol 20. New York: Plenum; 1998;93–124.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Horvath AO, Luborsky L. The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1993;61(4):561–573.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Orlinsky DE, Grawe K, Parks BK. Process and outcome in psychotherapy: Noch einmal. In: Bergin AE, Garfield SL, eds.Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. New York: John Willey & Sons; 1994:270–376.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bourgeois L, Sabourin S, Wright J. Predictive validity of therapeutic alliance in group marital therapy.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1990;58(5):608–613.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gavin LA, Wamboldt MZ, Sorokin N, et al. Treatment alliance and its association with family functioning, adherence, and medical outcome in adolescents with severe, chronic asthma.Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1999;24(4):355–365.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Krupnick JL, Sotsky SM, Simmens S, et al. The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy outcome: findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;64(3):532–539.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gaston L, Marmar CR, Thompson LW, et al. Alliance prediction of outcome: beyond in-treatment symptomatic change as psychotherapy progresses.Psychotherapy Research. 1991;1:104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bickman L, Rosof J, Salzer MS, et al. What information do clinicians value for monitoring adolescent client progress and outcome?Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2000;31(1):70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kazdin AE, Siegel TC, Bass D. Drawing on clinical practice to inform research on child and adolescent psychotherapy: survey of practitioners.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 1990;21(3):189–198.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Shirk SR, Saiz CC. Clinical, empirical, and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy.Development and Psychopathology. 1992;4(4):713–728.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Armbruster P, Kazdin AE. Attrition in child psychotherapy.Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. 1989;16:81–108.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kendall PC, Sugarman A. Attrition in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1997;65(5):883–888.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Shirk SR. The road to effective child psychological services: treatment processes and outcome research. In: Hughes JN, La Greca AM, eds.Handbook of Psychological Services for Children and Adolescents. London: Oxford University Press; 2001:43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Weisz JR, Huey SJ, Weersing VB. Psychotherapy outcome research with children and adolescents: the state of the art. In: Ollendick TH, Prinz RJ, eds.Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Vol. 20. New York: Plenum; 1998:49–91.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Shirk S, Karver M. Prediction of treatment outcome from relationship variables in child psychotherapy: a meta-analytic review.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003;71:452–464.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hubble MA, Duncan BL, Miller SD, eds.The Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Luborsky L, Singer B, Luborsky L. Comparative studies of psychotherapies: is it true that “everyone has won and all must have prizes”?Archives of General Psychiatry. 1975;32(8):995–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Shadish WR, Navarro AM, Matt GE, et al. The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: a meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2000;126(4):512–529.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Smith ML, Glass GV, Miller TJ.The Benefits of Psychotherapy. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Martin DJ, Graske JP, Davis MK. Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000;68:438–450.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bachelor A, Horvath A. The therapeutic relationship. In: Hubble MA, Duncan BL, eds.The Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999:133–178.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Horvath A. Therapeutic alliance. Paper presented at: Heart and Soul of Change Conference; June 2002; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

  26. Mohl PC, Martinez D, Ticknor C, et al. Early dropouts from psychotherapy.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991;179:478–481.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bachelor A, Salame R. Participants' perceptions of dimensions of the therapeutic alliance over the course of therapy.Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. 2000;9(1):39–53.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Henry WP, Strupp HH, Schacht TE, et al. Psychodynamic approaches. In: Bergin AE, Garfield SL, eds.Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. 4th ed. New York: Wiley; 1994:467–508.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Safran JD, Crocker P, McMain S, et al. The therapeutic alliance rupture as a therapy event for empirical investigations.Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. 1990;27:154–165.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Safran JD, Muran JC, Wallner-Samstag I. Resolving therapeutic ruptures: a task analytic investigation. In: Horvath AO, Greenberg LS, eds.The Working Alliance: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York: Wiley; 1994:335–358.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mallinckrodt B, Nelson ML. Counselor training level and the formation of psychotherapeutic working alliance.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1991;38(2):133–138.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Luborsky L, McLellan AT, Woody GE, et al. Therapist success and its determinants.Archives of General Psychiatry. 1985;42:602–611.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hersoug AG, Hoglend P, Monsen JT, et al. Quality of working alliance in psychotherapy: therapist variables and patient/therapist similarity as predictors.Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research. 2001;10(4):205–216.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gaston L. Reliability and criterion-related validity of the California Psychotherapy Alliance Scales.Psychological Assessment. 1991;3:68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kokotovic AM, Tracey TJ. Working alliance in early phase of counseling.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1990;37:16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lambert MJ, Barley DE. Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. In: Norcross JC, ed.Psychotherapy Relationships That Work: Therapist Contributions and Responsiveness to Patients. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002:17–69.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Horvath A, Symonds D. Relationship between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: a meta-analysis.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1991;38:139–149.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hatcher RL, Barends A, Hansell J, et al. Patients' and therapists' shared and unique views of the therapeutic alliance: an investigation using confirmatory factor analysis in nested design.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1995;63:636–643.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bordin ES. The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.Psychotherapy: theory, Research, and Practice. 1979;16:252–260.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gaston L. The concept of the alliance and its role in psychotherapy: theoretical and empirical considerations.Psychotherapy. 1990;27(2):143–153.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Morgan R, Luborsky L, Crits-Cristoph P, Curtis H, Solomon J. Predicting the outcomes of psychotherapy by the Penn Helping Alliance Rating Method.Archives of General Psychiatry. 1982;39:397–402.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Salvio MA, Beutler LE, Wood J, Engle D. The strength of the therapeutic alliance in three treatments for depression.Psychotherapy Research. 1992;21(1):31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Horvath AO, Greenberg LS. Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1989;36(2):223–233.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Embretson SE, Reise SP, eds.Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Doucette A, Bickman L. Building a comprehensive, integrated and practical child and adolescent mental health services measurement system. Paper presented at: 14th Annual Conference, A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base; February 25–28, 2001; Tampa, Fla.

  46. Doucette A, Slawski EJ. Beyond the surface: Youth and Clinician Perspectives Therapeutic Alliance. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association; 2002; Chicago, Ill.

  47. Bond T, Fox C.Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Rasch G. An item analysis which takes individual differences into account.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 1966;19:49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wright BD. Solving measurement problems with the Rasch model.Journal of Educational Measurement. 1997;14:97–116.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Wright BD, Douglas GA. Best procedures for sample-free item analysis.Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:281–294.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wright BD, Masters GN.Rating Scale Analysis. Chicago, Ill: MESA Press; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wright BD, Stone MH.Best Test Design. Chicago, Ill: MESA Press; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Lord F, Novick M.Statistical Theories of Mental Tests. New York: Addison-Wesley; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, Rogers HJ.Fundamentals of Item Response Theory. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bickman L, Doucette A. Forging new frontiers: reengineering a measurement system for child and adolescent services. Paper presented at: American Evaluation Association; November 2000; Honolulu, Hawaii.

  56. Doucette A, Bickman L, Mason S, et al. Outcomes monitoring and performance improvement—building a sensitive measurement system for child/adolescent service. Paper presented at: 14th annual Conference, A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base; February 25–28, 2001; Tampa, Fla.

  57. Horvath AO, Marx RW. The development and decay of the working alliance during time-limited counseling.Canadian Journal of Counseling. 1990;24(4):240–260.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Golden BR, Robbins SB. The working alliance within time-limited therapy: a case analysis.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 1990;21(6):476–481.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Piper WE, Boroto DR, Joyce AS, et al. Pattern of alliance and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy.Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 1995;32(4):639–647.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Eltz MJ, Shirk SR, Sarlin N. Alliance formation and treatment outcome among maltreated adolescents.Child Abuse and Neglect. 1995;19(4):419–431.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonard Bickman PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bickman, L., Vides de Andrade, A.R., Warren Lambert, E. et al. Youth therapeutic alliance in intensive treatment settings. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 31, 134–148 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287377

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287377

Keywords

Navigation