Abstract
Little is known about the genetic control of phytotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. The production of host-selective toxins known to play a role in disease development has been genetically analyzed in three species ofCochliobolus. InC. heterostrophus, a single genetic locus with two alleles has been identified controlling the production of HMT-toxin. This locus appears to be at or near the breakpoint of a chromosome rearrangement. Single genetic loci have also been identified controlling the production of HC-toxin byC. carbonum and HV-toxin byC. victoriae. The locus inC. carbonum may be a cluster of tightly linked genes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beremand, M. N., Isolation and characterization of mutants blocked in T-2 toxin biosynthesis. Appl. envir. Microbiol.53 (1987) 1855–1859.
Bronson, C. R., Ascospore abortion in crosses ofCochliobolus heterostrophus heterozygous for the virulence locusTox1. Genome30 (1988) 12–18.
Bronson, C. R., Taga, M., and Yoder, O. C., Genetic control and distorted segregation of T-toxin production in field isolates ofCochliobolus heterostrophus. Phytopathology80 (1990) 819–823.
Desjardins, A. E., Spencer, G. F., Plattner, R. D., and Beremand, M. N., Furanocoumarin phytoalexins, trichothecene toxins, and infection ofPastinaca sativa byFusarium sporotrichioides. Phytopathology79 (1989) 170–175.
Dewey, R. E., Siedow, J. N., Timothy, D. H., and Levings III, C. S., A 13-kilodalton maize mitochondrial protein inE. coli confers sensitivity toBipolaris maydis toxin. Science239 (1988) 293–295.
Klittich, C. J. R., and Bronson, C. R., Reduced fitness associated withTOX1 ofCochliobolus heterostrophus. Phytopathology76 (1986) 1294–1298.
Kono, Y., Knoche, H. W., and Daly, J. M., Structure: fungal host-specific, in: Toxins in Plant Disease, pp. 221–257. Ed. R. D. Durbin. Academic Press, New York 1981.
Leach, J., Lang, B. R. and Yoder, O. C., Methods for selection of mutants andin vitro culture ofCochliobolus heterostrophus. J. gen. Microbiol.128 (1982) 1719–1729.
Leach, J., Tegtmeier, K. J., Daly, J. M., and Yoder, O. C., Dominance at theTox1 locus controlling T-toxin production byCochliobolus heterostrophus. Physiol. Plant Path.21 (1982) 327–333.
Leonard, K. J., Virulence, temperature optima, and competitive abilities of isolines of races T and O ofBipolaris maydis. Phytopathology67 (1977) 1273–1279.
Leonard, K. J., The host population as a selective factor, in: Populations of Plant Pathogens: their Dynamics and Genetics, pp. 163–179. Eds M. S. Wolfe and C. E. Caten. Blackwell, Oxford 1987.
Lim, S. M., and Hooker, A. L., Southern corn leaf blight: genetic control of pathogenicity and toxin production in race T and race O ofCochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics69 (1971) 115–117.
Nelson, R. R., Scheffer, R. P., and Pringle, R. B., Genetic control of toxin production inHelmmthosporium victoriae. Phytopathology53 (1963) 385–387.
Nishimura, S., and Kohmoto, K., Host-specific toxins and chemical structures fromAlternaria species. A. Rev. Phytopath.21 (1983) 87–116.
Panopoulos, N. J., and Staskawicz, B. J., Genetics of production, in: Toxins in Plant Disease, pp. 79–107. Ed. R. D. Durbin. Academic Press, New York 1981.
Rines, H. W., and Luke, H. H., Selection and regeneration of toxin-insensitive plants from tissue cultures of oats (Avena sativa) susceptible toHelminthosporium victoriae. Theor. appl. Genet.71 (1985) 16–21.
Schafer, W., Straney, D., Ciuffetti, L., Van Etten, H. D., and Yoder, O. C., One enzyme makes a fungal pathogen, but not a saprophyte, virulent on a new host. Science246 (1989) 247–249.
Scheffer, R. P., Toxins as chemical determinants of plant disease, in: Toxins in Plant Pathogenesis, pp. 1–40. Eds J. M. Daly and B. J. Deverall. Academic Press, New York 1983.
Scheffer, R. P., Nelson, R. R., and Pringle, R. B., Toxin production and pathogenicity inHelminthosporium victoriae. Phytopathology54 (1964) 602–603.
Scheffer, R. P., Nelson, R. R., and Ullstrup, A. J., Inheritance of toxin production and pathogenicity inCochliobolus carbonum andCochliobolus victoriae. Phytopathology57 (1967) 1288–1291.
Smalley, E. B., and Strong, F. M.: Toxic trichothecenes, in: Mycotoxins, pp. 199–228. Ed. I. F. H. Purchase. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1974.
Taga, M., Bronson, C. R., and Yoder, O. C., Nonrandom abortion of ascospores containing alternate alleles at theTox-1 locus of the fungal plant pathogenCochliobolus heterostrophus. Can. J. Genet. Cytol.27 (1985) 450–456.
Tegtmeier, K. J., Daly, J. M., and Yoder, O. C., T-toxin production by near-isogenic isolates ofCochliobolus heterostrophus races T and O. Phytopathology72 (1982) 1492–1495.
Tsuge, T., Hayashi, N., and Nishimura, S., Selection of auxotrophic mutants and heterokaryosis inAlternaria alternata. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan53 (1987) 182–190.
Tsuge, T., and Kobayashi, H., Molecular analysis of genes for pathogenicity ofAlternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype. a host-specific toxin producer, in: Molecular Strategies of Pathogens and Host Plants, pp. 119–129. Eds S. S. Patil, S. Ouchi, D. Mills and C. Vance. Springer-Verlag, New York 1991.
Turgeon, B. G., Garber, R. C., and Yoder, O. C., Transformation of the fungal maize pathogenCochliobolus heterostrophus using theAspegillus nidulans amdS gene. Molec. gen. Genet.201 (1985) 450–453.
Turgeon, B. G., Garber, R. C., and Yoder, O. C., Development of a fungal transformation system based on selection of sequences with promoter activity. Molec. cell. Biol.7 (1987) 3297–3305.
Tzeng, T., A restriction fragment length polymorphism map ofCochliobolus heterostrophus. PhD Dissertation. Iowa State University, 1990.
Walton, J. D., Two enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the host-selective phytotoxin HC-toxin. Proc. natl Acad. Sci. USA84 (1987) 8444–8447.
Walton, J. D., and Holden, F. R., Properties of two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the fungal pathogenicity factor HC-toxin. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact1 (1988) 128–134.
Wei, J.-K., Liu, K.-M., Chen, J.-P., Luo, P.-C., and Lee-Stadelmann, O. Y., Pathological and physiological identification of race C ofBipolaris maydis in China. Phytopathology78 (1988) 550–554.
Yoder, O. C., Evaluation of the role ofHelminthosporium maydis race T toxin in southern corn leaf blight, in: Biochemistry and Cytology of Plant Parasite Interaction, pp. 16–24. Eds K. Tomiyama, J. M. Daly, I. Uritani, H. Oku and S. Ouchi. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1976.
Yoder, O. C., Toxins in pathogenesis. A. Rev. Phytopath.18 (1980) 103–129.
Yoder, O. C., Use of pathogen-produced toxins in genetic engineering of plants and pathogens. in: Basic Life Sciences, vol. 26, Genetic Engineering of Plants: An Agricultural Perspective, pp. 335–353. Eds T. Kosuge, C. P. Meredith and A. Hollaender. Plenum Press, New York 1983.
Yoder, O. C.,Cochliobolus heterostrophus, cause of southern corn leaf blight, in: Genetics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi, pp. 93–112. Ed. G. S. Sidhu. Advances in Plant Pathology, vol. 6. Academic Press, New York 1988.
Yoder, O. C. and Gracen, V. E., Segregation of pathogenicity types and host-specific toxin production in progenies of crosses between races T and O ofHelminthosporium maydis (Cochliobolus heterostrophus). Phytopathology65 (1975) 273–276.
Yoder, O. C., Payne, G. A., Gregory, P., and Gracen, V. E., Bioassays for detection and quantification ofHelminthosporium maydis race T-toxin: a comparison. Physiol. Plant Path.10 (1977) 237–245.
Yoder, O. C., Turgeon, B. G., Ciuffetti, L. M., and Schafer, W., Genetic analysis of toxin production by fungi, in: Phytotoxins and Plant Pathogenesis, pp. 43–60. Eds A. Graniti, R. D. Durbin and A. Ballio. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1989.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bronson, C.R. The genetics of phytotoxin production by plant pathogenic fungi. Experientia 47, 771–776 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01922456
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01922456