Skip to main content
Log in

Electroporation of protoplasts

  • Published:
Journal of tissue culture methods

Summary

A protocol is described for the delivery of plasmid DNA into plant protoplasts by means of electroporation. Expression of the DNA is monitored 24 h later by a “transient assay” for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Stable transformants are recovered by selecting for kanamycin resistance using a modified version of the agarose-bead technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bates, G. W.; Hasenkampf, C. A.; Contolini, C. L., et al. Asymmetric hybridization inNicotiana by fusion of irradiated protoplasts. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74:718–726; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bates, G. W.; Saunders, J. A.; Sowers, A. E. Electrofusion principles and applications. In: Sowers, A. E., ed. Cell fusion. New York: Plenum Press; 1987:367–395.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Boston, R. S.; Becwar, M. R.; Ryan, R. D., et al. Expression from heterologous promoters in electroporated carrot protoplasts. Plant Physiol. 83:742–746; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Callis, J.; Fromm, M.; Walbot, V. Expression of mRNA electroporated into plant and animal cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5823–5831; 1987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Deshayes, A.; Herrera-Estrella, L.; Caboche, M. Liposome-mediated transformation of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by anEscherichia coli plasmid. EMBO J. 4:2731–2737; 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dronn, M.; Glouse, S. D.; Dixon, R. A., et al. Glutathione and fungal elicitor regulation of a plant defense gene promoter in electroporated protoplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6738–6743; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fromm, M.; Callis, J.; Taylor, L. P., et al. Electroporation of DNA and RNA into plant protoplasts. In: Abelson, J. N.; Simon, M. I., eds. Methods in enzymology. New York: Academic Press; 1987:351–366.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fromm, M.; Taylor, L. P.; Walbot, V. Expression of genes transferred into monocot and dicot plant cells by electroporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5824–5828; 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fromm, M. E.; Taylor, L. P.; Walbot, V. Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 319:791–793; 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gilroy, S.; Hughes, W. A.; Trewavas, A. J. The measurement of intracellular calcium levels in protoplasts from higher plant cells. FEBS Lett. 199:217–221; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gorman, C. M.; Moffat, L. F.; Howard, B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051; 1982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Klein, T. M.; Fromm, M.; Weissinger, A., et al. Transfer of foreign genes into intact maize cells with high-velocity microprojectiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305–4309; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lindsey, K.; Jones, M. G. K. Transient gene expression in electroporated protoplasts and intact cells of sugar beet. Plant Mol. Biol. 10:43–52; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Maniatis, T.; Fritsch, E. F.; Sambrook, J. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mishra, K. P.; Joshua, D. C.; Bhatia, C. R. In vitro electroporation of tobacco pollen. Plant Sci. 52:135–139; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Morikawa, H.; Iida, A.; Matsui, C., et al. Gene transfer into intact plant cells by electroinjection through cell walls and membranes. Gene 41:121–124; 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Nagy, J. I.; Maliga, P. Callus induction and plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplasts ofNicotiana sylvestris. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 78:453–455; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Negrutiu, I.; Shillito, R.; Potrykus, I., et al. Hybrid genes in the analysis of transformation conditions. Plant Mol. Biol. 8:363–373; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Neuhaus, G.; Spangenberg, G.; Mittelsten, O., et al Transgenic rapeseed plants obtained by the microinjection of DNA into microspore-derived embryoids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75:30–36; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nishiguchi, M.; Sato, T.; Motoyoshi, F. An improved method for electroporation in plant protoplasts: infection of tobacco protoplasts by tobacco mosaic virus particles. Plant Cell Rep. 6:90–93; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Okada, K.; Nagata, T.; Takebe, I. Introduction of functional RNA into plant protoplasts by electroporation. Plant Cell Physiol. 27:619–626; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ou-Lee, T. M.; Turgeon, R.; Wu, R. Expression of a foreign gene linked to either a plant-virus or aDrosophila promoter, after electroporation of protoplasts of rice, wheat, and sorghum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:6815–6819; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ow, D. W.; Wood, K. V.; DeLuca, M., et al. Transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants. Science 234:856–859; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Paszkowski, J.; Shillito, R. D.; Saul, M., et al. Direct gene transfer to plants. EMBO J. 3:2717–2722; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rhodes, C. A.; Pierce, D. A.; Mettler, I. J., et al. Genetically transformed maize plants from protoplasts. Science 240:204–207; 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rogers, S. G.; Horsch, R. B.; Fraley, R. T. Gene transfer in plants: production of transformed plants using Ti plasmid vectors. Methods Enzymol. 18:627–640; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shillito, R. D.; Paszkowski, J.; Potrykus, I. Agarose plating and a bead type culture technique enable and stimulate development of protoplast-derived colonies in a number of plant species. Plant Cell Rep. 2:244–247; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Shillito, R. D.; Saul, M. W.; Paszkowski, J., et al. High efficiency direct gene transfer to plants. BioTechnology 3:1099–1103; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Shimamoto, K.; Terada, R.; Izawa, T., et al. Fertile transgenic rice plants regenerated from transformed protoplasts. Nature 328:274–276; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Toriyama, K.; Arimoto, Y.; Uchimiya, H., et al. Transgenic rice plants after direct gene transfer into protoplasts. BioTechnology 6:1072–1074; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tsong, T. Y.; Kinosita, K. Formation and resealing of pores of controlled sizes in human erythrocyte membrane. Nature 268:438–440; 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bates, G.W. Electroporation of protoplasts. Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 12, 121–126 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01404437

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01404437

Key words

Navigation