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Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gases: Extension of the time scale of experiment for CO2-sequestering reactions by geochemical modelling

Einlagerung von CO2-Treibhaus-Gasen in einem Aquifer: Erweiterung des Zeitmaßstabes von Experimenten von CO2-Aufnahme-Reaktionen durch geochemische Modellierung

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Summary

In previous work,Gunter et al. (1993), suggested water-rock reactions in deep aquifers in sedimentary basins could sequester injected-CO2-waste from industry, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Experiments, carried out at 105°C and 90 bars CO2 pressure, to test the validity of this mineral-trapping of CO2 were unsuccessful due to sluggish kinetics of reaction. The most significant change recorded by the reaction products from these experiments was a large increase in alkalinity, which was attributed to very small amounts of water-mineral reaction. A computer model, PATHARC.94, was used to interpret this change in alkalinity and to predict the path and time necessary to reach equilibrium. Substantial trapping of CO2 by formation of siderite, calcite and aqueous bicarbonate ions was predicted to occur in 6 to 40 years.

Potential errors as high as two orders of magnitude were estimated based on a thorough examination of the kinetic data used in the modelling. In order to achieve reasonable time estimates, “reactive” surface areas were approximated by 100 micron spherical grains in the computer model. This represents a smaller cumulative surface area than actually present in the experiment. When these results are extrapolated to the field, where the aquifers are at lower temperatures,Perkins andGunter (1995a), concluded that CO2-trapping reactions are expected to take 100s of years to complete. This is sufficient time for the trapping to occur as the residence time of a packet of fluid in a deep low-permeability aquifer in a sedimentary basin is measured in 10,000s to 100,000s of years.

Zusammenfassung

In früheren Arbeiten habenGunter et al. (1993) Wasser-Gesteinsreaktionen in tiefen Aquiferen in Sedimentbecken vorgeschlagen, die injiziertes CO2 aus industriellen Abgasen aufnehmen, und damit die Treibhausgasemissionen reduzieren könnten. Experimente wurden bei 105°C und 90 bar CO2-Druck durchgeführt, um die Anwendbarkeit dieser mineralischen Fallen für CO2 zu testen; wegen der langsamen Reaktions-Kinetik waren diese nicht erfolgreich. Die markanteste Änderung, die diese Experimente in den Reaktionsprodukten hervorriefen, war eine beträchtliche Zunahme der Alkalinität, die auf geringfügige Wasser-Mineralreaktionen zurückgehen dürfte. Ein Computermodell, PATHARC 94, wurde benützt, um diese Änderungen der Alkalinität zu interpretieren und die erforderlichen Zeiten und Pfade vorherzusagen, die notwendig sind, um Gleichgewicht zu erreichen. Signifikanter Einbau von CO2 durch Bildung von Siderit, Calcit und Bikarbonat-tonen sollte dementsprechend in 6 bis 40 Jahren stattfinden.

Mögliche Fehler, die bis in zwei Größenordnungen gehen können, wurden aufgrund einer sorgfältigen Überprüfung der kinetischen Daten, die hier benützt wurden, ermittelt. Um sinnvolle Zeitmaßstäbe zu erreichen, wurden im Computermodell “reaktive” Ober flächen durch 100 Mikron große kugelförmige Körner repräsentiert. Dies stellt eine kleinere Gesamtoberfläche dar, als die, die tatsächlich im Experiment vorhanden ist. Wenn diese Ergebnisse ins Gelände extrapoliert werden, wo die Aquifere niedrigere Temperaturen aufweisen, kommenPerkins undGunter (1995a) zu dem Schluß, daß ein vollständiger Einbau von CO2 hunderte von Jahre benötigen würde. Diese Zeiträume sind ausreichend, da die Verweildauer einer Fluid-Menge in einem tief gelegenen Aquifer mit niedriger Permeabilität in einem sedimentären Becken in Größenordnungen von 10.000 bis 100.000 von Jahren gemessen wird.

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Gunter, W.D., Wiwehar, B. & Perkins, E.H. Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gases: Extension of the time scale of experiment for CO2-sequestering reactions by geochemical modelling. Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 121–140 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01163065

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