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Kinetic concept of the strength of solids

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Abstract

An examination of the time to failure for uniaxial tensile specimens of some 50 materials, measured in some cases over test decades of time, has suggested a universal rate relation between lifetime, stress, and temperature of the form τ = τo exp [(Uo - γσ)/kT]. The constant τo is essentially the reciprocal of the natural oscillation frequency of atoms in the solid, Uo is the binding energy on the atomic scale, and γ is proportional to the disorientation of the molecular structure. Assuming the kinetic nature of bond destruction through the thermofluctuation mechanism, direct experimental verification of the phenomenon for polymers has been obtained using electron paramagnetic resonance.

Résumé

Un examen du temps de rupture pour des échantillons de traction uniaxes d'environ 50 matériaux, mesuré dans certains cas sur 10 décades de temps, a suggéré une relation universelle entre la durée de la résistance, la traction et la température, de la forme: τ = τo exp [(Uo - γσ)/kT] La constante τo est essentiellement la réciproque de la fréquence naturelle d'oscillation des atomes dans le solide, Uo est l'énergie de liaison des atomes et γ est proportionnel à la désorientation de la structure moléculaire. En admettant la nature cinétique de la destruction de la liaison, par le mécanisme de fluctuation thermique, la vérification expérimentale directe du phénomène à été obtenue, pour des polymères, par la technique de la résonance paramagnétique des électrons.

Zusammenfassung

Eine Betrachtung der Bruchzeit von einachsigen Spannungsprüflingen aus ungefähr 50 verschiedenen Materialien gemessen in manchen Fällen über zehn Zeitdekaden, lässt einen allgemeinen Zusammenhang zwischen der Zeit bis zum Bruch (lifetime), der Zugspannung und der Temperatur, der Form τ = τo exp [(Uo - γσ)/kT] vermuten.

Die Konstante τo ist im wesentlichen die reziproke natürliche Schwingungsfrequenz der Atome im Festkörper, Uo ist die bindungsenergie zwischen den Atomen, und γ ist proportional des Disorientierung der molekularen Struktur. Unter der Annahme, dass die Bindungszerstörung kinetischer Natur ist und durch Thermofluktuation erfolgt, wurde eine direkte experimentelle Bestätigung der Zusammenhänge bei Polymeren durch Beobachtung der paramaguetischen Elcktronenresonanz erhalten.

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Invited lecture presented at the International Conference on Fracture, Sendai. Japan, Sept. 1965.

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Zhurkov, S.N. Kinetic concept of the strength of solids. Int J Fract 26, 295–307 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00962961

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