References
Bachrach, L. General hospital psychiatry: Overview from a sociological perspective.Am. J. Psychiatry 1981,138:879–887.
Bernstein, R. Liaison psychiatry: A model for medical care on a general hospital psychiatric unit.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1980,2:141–147.
Brown J.T., and Harris R.T. The medical-psychiatric unit and psychosocial education of internists.Psychosomatics 26(3):231–238, 1985.
Craig, T.J. An epidemiologic study of a psychiatric liaison service.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1982,4:131–137.
Crowder, J. and Klatte, E. Involuntary admissions to general hospitals: Legal status is not the issue.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1980,31:325–327.
Fogel, B.S. A psychiatric unit becomes a psychiatric-medical unit: Administrative and clinical implications.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1985,7:26–35.
Goldberg, D.Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Dorchester, Great Britain: Dorset Press, 1978.
Goldman, H.H., Burns, B.J., and Burke, J.D. Integrating primary health care and mental health services: A preliminary report.Public Health Reports 1980,95(6):535–539.
Goodman B. Combined medical-psychiatric inpatients units: The Mount Sinai model.Psychosomatics 26(3):179–189, 1985.
Greenhill, M. Psychiatric units in general hospitals.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1979,30:169–182.
Hackett, T. Thunder on the right.Psychosomatics Sep. 1981,22(9):773–734.
Hales, R.E., Holtz, J.L., and Cassem, E.H. Issues in reimbursement for consultation-liaison psychiatry.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry Dec. 1984,35(12):1195–1198.
Hall, R.C.W., Gardner E.R., Stickney S.K.,et al. Physical illness manifesting as psychiatric disease. Analysis of state hospital inpatient population.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1980,37:989–995.
Health Care Financing Administration.Medicare Provider Reimbursement Manual. HCFA-Pub. 15-1. Department of Health and Human Services, 1984.
Hoffman, R.S. Operation of a medical-psychiatric unit in a general hospital setting.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1984,6:93–99.
Hoffman, R.S., and Koran, L.M. Detecting physical illness in patients with mental disorders.Psychosomatics 1984,25(9):654–659.
Kiesler, C. Public and professional myths about mental hospitalization.Am. Psychologist 1982,37:1323–1339.
Koran, L.M. and Barnes L.E.A. The Stanford comprehensive medicine unit: Integrating psychiatric and medical care. In: Kuldan, J., ed.New Directions for Mental Health Services: Treatment for Psychosomatic Problems No. 15. San Francisco: Jussey-Bass, 1982.
Leeman, C. Involuntary admissions to general hospitals: Progress or threat.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1980,31:315–318.
Lehman, A., Strauss, J., Ritzler, B., Kokes, R., Harder D., and Gift, T. First-admission psychiatric ward milieu.Arch. of Gen. Psychiatry 1982,39:1293–1298.
Levitan, S. and Kornfeld, D. Clinical and cost benefits of liaison psychiatry.Am. J. of Psychiatry 1981,138:790–793.
Mackenzie, T.B., Popkin, M.K., Callies, A.L., and Kroll, J. Consultation outcomes.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1983,40:1211–1214.
Manderscheid, R.W., Witkin, M.J., Rosenstein, M.J.,et al. Specialty mental health services: System and patient characteristics—United States. In: Taube, C.A. and Barrett, S.A., eds.Mental Health, United States, 1985. Rockville, Md.: National Institute of Mental Health, 1985.
Markoff, R., Yano, B., Hsu, J., and Wright, D. The mixed medical-psychiatric unit: an alternative approach to inpatient psychiatric care.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1981.32:561–564.
McKegney, F.P. and Beckhardt, R.M. Evaluative research in consultation-liaison psychiatry: Review of the literature: 1970–1981.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1982,4:197–218.
Meyers, J.K., Weissman, M.M., Tischler, G.L., Holzer, C.E., Leaf, P.J., Orvaschel, H., Anthony, J.C., Boyd, J.H., Burke, J.D., Kramer, M., and Stoltzman, R. Six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1984,41:959–967.
Molnar G., Fava, G.A., and Zielezny, M.A. Medical-psychiatric unit patients compared with patients in two other services.Psychosomatics 26(3):193–209, 1985.
Morgan, C., Kremer, E., and Gaylor, M. The behavioral medicine unit: A new facility.Compreh. Psychiatry 1979,20:79–89.
Pardes H., Bjork, D., Van Putten, T., and Kaufman, M. Failures on a therapeutic milieu.Psych. Quart. 1972,46:29–48.
Pincus, H.Marketing consultation and liaison. Psychiatry in the 1980's, presented at the American Psychiatric Association Meeting, Dallas, Texas, May 1985.
Pinsker, H., Raskin, M., and Winston, A. The treatment of involuntary patients in the general hospital psychiatric unit.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1981,3:301–305.
Redick, R. and Witkin, M.Separate Psychiatric Settings in Non-Federal General Hospitals, United States 1977–78. Series CN No. 4, DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 82-1140. Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1982.
Regier, D.A. and Taube, C.A. The delivery of mental health services. In: Arieti, S. and Brodie, H.K.H., eds.American Handbook of Psychiatry 2d ed., Vol. VII. New York: Basic Books, 1981, pp. 715–733.
Rubenstein, L.A., Josephson, K.R., Wieland, G.D., English, P.A., Sayre, J.A., and Kane, R.L. Effectiveness of a geriatric evaluation unit: A randomized clinical trial.New E. J. Med., Dec. 1984, 1664–1670.
Sacks, M.H. and Carpenter, W.T. The pseudotherapeutic community: an examination of antitherapeutic forces on psychiatric units.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1974,25:315–318.
Salminen, J., Lehtinen, V., Jokinen, K., Jokinen, M., and Talvitie, A. Psychosomatic disorder: A treatment problem more difficult than neurosis?Acta Psych. Scand. 1980,62:1–12.
Sanders, C. Reflections on psychiatry in the general hospital setting.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1979,30:185–189.
Schulberg, H.C.The treatment of psychiatric patients in general hospitals: A research agenda and annotated bibliography. Series DN No. 4, DHHS Pub. No. (ADM)83-1294. Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off., 1984.
Schulberg, H.C., Saul, M., McClelland, M., Ganguli, M., Christy, W., and Frank, R. Assessing Depression in Primary Medical and Psychiatric Practice.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1985,42: 1164–1170.
Sederer, L.I. Inpatient Psychiatry: What place the milieu?Am. J. Psychiatry, May 1984, 141–145.
Sederer, L.I., Katz, B., and Manschreck, T.C. Inpatient psychiatry: Perspectives from the general, the private, and the state hospital.Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1984,6:180–190.
Stoudemire A., Kahn M., Brown J.T., Linfors, E., and Houpt., J.L. Masked depression in a combined medical-psychiatric unit.Psychosomatics 26(3): 221–228, 1985.
Stoudemire A., Kahn M., Brown J.T., Linfors, E., and Houpt, J.L. Masked depression in a combined medical-psychiatric unit.Psychosomatics 26(3):221–228, 1985.
Taube, C.A., Thompson, J.W., Burns, B.J., Widem, P., and Prevost, C. Prospective payment and psychiatric discharges from general hospitals with and without psychiatric units.Hosp. & Comm. Psychiatry 1985, 36(7):754–760.
Teitelbaum, M.L. Toward better integration of medical and psychiatric care.JAMA 1982,248(8):977.
VanPutten, T. Milieu therapy: contraindications?Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1973,29640–643.
Wallen, J.Use of short-term general hospitals by patients with psychiatric disorders. Hospital Studies Program Working Paper No. 3, National Center for Health Services Research, Oct. 1984.
Withersty, D., Shemo, J., Waldman, R., and Stevenson, J. Evaluating a conjoint psychiatric-medical inpatient unit—A one year followup study of depressed patients.J. Clin. Psychiatry 1980,41:156–158.
Additional information
Barbara J. Burns, Ph.D. is Chief, Clinical Services Research Branch, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Address reprint requests to Dr. Burns.
Herbert C. Schulberg, Ph.D. is Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
We would like to recognize Sandy Padwo for compiling and editing the references and typing this paper for publication. Her diligence and attention to detail was most appreciated.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Burns, B.J., Schulberg, H.C. Organizing psychiatric care in general hospitals to meet medical and psychiatric needs. Administration in Mental Health 13, 180–188 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00819115
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00819115