Summary
Nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) by blue-green algae occurring on the juvenile lava field of Heimaey, Iceland was examined both in the laboratory (potential at 20° C and 39° C) and in the field, three and a half years after the volcanic eruption.
Already at this early stage of colonization representatives of unicellular and filamentous heterocystous and non-heterocystous blue-green algae were commonly observed. The predominating algae were Nostoc sp. (20° C) and Schizothrix sp. — Microcoleus chthonoplastes, (39° C), the former often in association with the protonemata-rhizoids of moss plants.
The potential for nitrogen fixation was recorded at an average rate of 109.2 (20° C) and 138.1 (39° C) ng N g-1 h-1 in soil collected from localities randomly distributed over the lava field.
Tests for nitrogen fixation performed in situ revealed significant fixation activities in all the eleven localities subject to examination. The activities ranged from 2.8 to 63.4 (mean 21.5) ng N g-1 h-1 and 1.9 to 17.7 (mean 7.9) ng N cm-2 h-1.
All the nitrogen fixation data noted imply that blue-green algae contribute a substantial part of the nitrogen input to the lava. Further, it was found that material incubated under micro-aerophilic conditions exhibited considerably enhanced nitrogenase activity.
The role of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae in general and Nostoc muscorum in particular in being suitable as pioneering organisms preparing the bare lava for ingress of other plants is also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Behre, K., Schwabe, G.H.: Auf Surtsey/Island im sommer 1968 nachgewiesene nicht marine Algen. Schr. Naturw. Ver. Schlesw.-Holst. Sonderband, pp. 31–100 (1970)
Booth, W.E.: Algae as pioneers in plant succession and their importance in erosion control. Ecology 22, 38–46 (1941)
Brøck T.D.: Primary colonization of Surtsey, with special reference, to the blue-green algae. Oikos 24, 239–243 (1973)
Castenholz, R.W.: The occurrence of the thermophilic blue-green algae Mastigocladus laminosus on Surtsey in 1970. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VI, 14–19 (1972)
Englund, B.: Potential nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae in some Tunisian and Swedish soils. Plant and Soil 43, 419–431 (1975)
Englund, B.: Nitrogen fixation by free-living microorganisms on the lava field of Heimaey, Iceland. Oikos 27, 428–432 (1976)
Englund, B.: Meyerson, H.: In situ measurement of nitrogen fixation at low temperatures Oikos 25, 283–287 (1974)
Fogg, G.E., Stewart, W.D.P.: In, situ determinations of biological nitrogen fixation in Antarctica. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 15, 39–46 (1968)
Fogg, G.E., Stewart, W.D.P., Fay, P., Walsby, A.E.: The blue-green algae, 459 pp. London-New York: Academic Press 1973
Fritsch, F.E.: The role of algal growth in the colonization of new ground and in the determination of scenery. Geograph. J. 30, 531–547 (1907)
Gorham, P.F., McLachlan, H.S., Hammer, U.T., Kim, W.K.: Isolation and culture of toxic strains of Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngb.) de Bréb. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 15, 706–804 (1964)
Henriksson, E., Englund, B., Hedén, M.B., Was, I.: Nitrogen fixation in Swedish soils by blue-green algae. In: Taxonomy and biology of blue-green algae (T.V. Desikachary, ed.), pp. 269–273. Madras: 1972a
Henriksson, E., Henriksson, L.E., Pejler, B.: Nitrogen fixation by blue-green algae on the island of Surtsey, Iceland. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VI, 66–68 (1972b)
Henriksson, L.E., Henriksson, E.: Studies in the nitrogen cycle of surtsey in 1972. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VII, 36–44 (1974)
Henriksson, L.E., Rodgers, G.A.: Further studies in the nitrogen cycle on Surtsey, 1974–1976. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VIII (in press, 1977)
Jones, K., Stewart, W.D.P.: Nitrogen turnover in marine and brackish habitats. IV. Uptake of extracellular products of the nitrogen-fixing alga Calothrix scopulorum. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 49, 701–716 (1969)
Kenyon, C.N., Rippka, R., Stanier, R.Y.: Fatty acid composition and physiological properties of some filamentous blue-green algae. Arch. Mikrobiol. 83, 216–236 (1972)
Kristinsson, H.: Lichen colonization in Surtsey 1971–1973. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VII, 9–16 (1970)
Rippka, R., Neilson, A., Kunisawa, R., Cohen-Bazire, G.: Nitrogen fixation by unicellular bluegreen algae. Arch. Mikrobiol. 76, 341–348 (1971)
Rodgers, G.A., Henriksson, E.: Associations between the blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc muscorum and the moss Funaria hygrometrica with reference to the colonization of Surtsey. Acta Bot. Isl. 4, 10–15 (1976)
Schwabe, G.H.: Nitrogen fixing blue-green algae as pioneer plants on Surtsey 1968–1973. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VII, 22–25 (1974)
Schwabe, G.H., Behre, K.: Algae on Surtsey in 1969–1970. Surtsey Res. Progr. Rep. VI, 85–89 (1972)
Stewart, W.D.P.: Nitrogen fixation by blue-algae in Yellowstone thermal areas. Phycologia 9, 261–268 (1970)
Stewart, W.D.P.: Prerequisites for biological nitrogen fixation in blue-green algae. In: The biology of nitrogen fixation (A. Quispel, ed.), pp. 696–718. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1974
Stewart, W.D.P., Fitzgerald, G.P., Burris, R.H.: In situ studies on N2-fixation using the acetylene reduction technique. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 58, 2071–2078 (1967)
Stewart, W.D.P., Fitzgerald, G.P., Burris, R.H.: Acetylene reduction by nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae. Arch. Mikrobiol. 62, 336–348 (1968)
Stewart, W.D.P., Lex, M.: Nitrogenase activity in the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum Strain 594. Arch. Mikrobiol. 73, 250–260 (1970)
Stewart, W.D.P., Mague, T., Fitzgerald, G.P., Burris, R.H.: Nitrogenase activity in Wisconsin lakes of differing degrees of eutrophication. New Phytol. 70, 497–509 (1971)
Stewart, W.D.P., Pearson, H.W.: Effect of aerobic and anaerobic, conditions on growth and metabolism of blue-green algae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 175, 293–311 (1970)
Treub, M.: Notices sur la nouvelie flore de Krakatau. Ann. Jardin. Bot. Buitenz. 7, 213–223 (1888)
Van Gorkom, H.J., Donze, H.: Localization of nitrogen fixation in Anabaena. Nature (Lond.) 234, 231–232 (1971)
Wyatt, J.T., Silvey, J.K.G.: Nitrogen fixation by Gloeocapsa. Science (N.Y.) 165, 908–909 (1969)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Englund, B. Algal nitrogen fixation on the lava field of Heimaey, Iceland. Oecologia 34, 45–55 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346240
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346240