Abstract
A discussion of the requirements for hardware and software necessary for collection and analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data for polymer coated metals is presented. Most authors agree that a simple model can describe the frequency dependence of impedance spectra for polymer coated metals exposed to corrosive environments. The water uptake of the coating can be estimated from the time dependence of the coating capacitance C c, The pore resistance R po depends both on the resistivity ρ of the coating and the disbonded area A d. The polarization resistance R P of the corroding area under the coating and the corresponding capacitance C dl both depend on A d. The breakpoint frequency method is discussed in detail and the dependence of the breakpoint frequency f b on ρ and A d is derived. In addition to f b other parameters can be obtained which depend on the ratio A d/ρ or only on A d or ρ. Since these parameters can be obtained at frequencies exceeding 1 Hz without the need for an analysis of the impedance spectra in the entire frequency region, this approach is considered especially useful for corrosion monitoring. The concepts proposed for the analysis and interpretation of EIS data for polymer coated metals are illustrated using data for Al alloys, Mg and steel exposed to NaCl. For an alkyd coating on cold rolled steel the time dependence of A d and ρ during exposure to 0.5 m NaCl has been determined qualitatively using the modified breakpoint frequency method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. Menges and W. Schneider, Kunststofftechnik 12 (1973) 265, 316 and 343.
H. Potente and E. Braches, Adhesion 11 (1979) 34.
J. D. Scantlebury and K. N. Ho, J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. 62 (1979) 89.
L. Beaunier, I. Epelboin, J. C. Lestrade and H. Takenouti, Surface Techn. 4 (1976) 237.
G. Reinhard, D. Scheller and K. Hahn, Plaste Kautsch. 22 (1975) 56.
G. Reinhard and K. Hahn, ibid. 22 (1975) 361.
G. Reinhard, K. Hahn and R. Kaltofen, ibid. 22 (1975) 522.
G. Reinhard, K. Hahn and B. Gorzolla, ibid. 25 (1978) 548.
G. Reinhard and K. Hahn, ibid. 26 (1979) 580.
G. Reinhard, K. Hahn and H. M. Wittich, ibid. 27 (1980) 709.
G. Reinhard, K. Hahn and U. Rammelt, ibid. 28 (1981) 51.
F. Mansfeld, H. Shih, H. Greene and C. H. Tsai, ASTM STP 1188 (1993) 37.
B. Boukamp, Solid State Ionics 20 (1986) 31.
F. Mansfeld, M. Kendig and S. Tsai, Corrosion 38 (1982) 478.
M. Kendig, F. Mansfeld and S. Tsai, Corr. Sci. 23 (1983) 317.
F. Mansfeld and M. Kendig, ASTM STP 866 (1985) 122.
M. Kendig and J. Scully, Corrosion 46 (1990) 22.
J. Titz, G. H. Wagner, H. Spaehn, M. Ebert, K. Juettner and W. J. Lorenz, in ‘Advances in Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings’, Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 89-13 (1989) 261.
J. Titz, G. H. Wagner, H. Spaehn, M. Ebert, K. Juettner and W. J. Lorenz, Corrosion 46 (1990) 221.
R. D. Armstrong and J. D. Wright, Corr. Sci. 33 (1992) 1529.
R. D. Armstrong, J. D. Wright and T. M. Handyside, J. Appl. Electrochem. 22 (1992) 795.
M. W. Kendig, S. Jeanjaquet and J. Lumsden, ASTM STP 1188 (1993) 407.
S. Haruyama, M. Asari and T. Tsuru, in ‘Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings’, Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 87-2 (1987) 197.
R. Hirayama and S. Haruyama, Corrosion 47 (1991) 952.
F. Mansfeld, Corrosion 44 (1988) 558.
F. Mansfeld and M. W. Kendig, Proc. Int. Cong. Metall. Corr., 3–74, June 1984, Toronto, Canada.
F. Mansfield, C. H. Tsai and H. Shih, in ‘Advances in Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings’, Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 89-13 (1989) 228.
F. Mansfeld and C. H. Tsai, Corrosion 47 (1991) 958.
C. H. Tsai and F. Mansfeld, ibid. 49 (1993) 726.
M. Kendig, A. Allen and F. Mansfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 935.
C. H. Tsai, Ph.D. thesis, University of Southern California, Aug. 1992.
Schlumberger Application, note no. 26.
E. van Westing, ‘Determination of Coating Performance with Impedance Measurements’, TNO Center for Coatings Research, Delft, The Netherlands, 1992.
Z-plot, Scribner Assoc., Charlottesville, VA, USA.
F. Mansfeld, S. Lin, V. C. Chen and H. Shih, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 (1986) 906.
F. M. Geenen, J. H. W. DeWit and E. P. M. Van Westing, Prog. Org. Coat. 18 (1990) 299.
S. Spindler, Plaste Kautsch. 29 (1982) 542.
G. Reinhard and K. Hahn, ibid. 30 (1983) 292.
M. Kendig, S. Tsai and M. Mansfeld, Mater. Perform. 23(6) (1984) 37.
J. Hubrecht, J. Vereecken and M. Piens, J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 (1984) 2010.
G. Reinhard and U. Rammelt, Korrosion 15 (1984) 175.
U. Rammelt and G. Reinhard, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 180 (1984) 327.
J. Hubrecht and J. Vereecken, Proc. Int. Cong. Metall. Corros. 3–85, Toronto, Canada, June 1984.
M. Morcillo, J. Simancas, J. Bastidas, S. Feliu, C. Blanco and F. Camon, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 53 (1985) 378.
F. Mansfeld and M. W. Kendig, Werkst. Korros. 36 (1985) 473.
J. F. McIntyre and H. Leidheiser, Jr., J. Electrochem. Soc. 133 (1986) 43.
G. Reinhard, U. Rammelt and K. Rammelt, Corr. Sci. 26 (1986) 109.
F. Mansfeld and M. Kendig, Org. Coat. 8 (1986) 513.
F. Mansfeld and M. Kendig, Mater. Sci. Forum 8 (1986) 337.
P. Giminez, D. Petit and M. Badia, ibid. 8 (1986) 315.
T. Picaud, M. Duprat and F. Dabosi, ibid. 8 (1986) 303.
F. Mansfeld and S. Jeanjaquet, Corr. Sci. 26 (1986) 727.
F. Mansfeld, S. Jeanjaquet and M. W. Kendig, ibid. 26 (1986) 735.
J. P. Lomas, L. M. Callow and J. D. Scantlebury, ACS Symp. Ser. 322 (1986) 31.
F. Mansfeld, S. Jeanjaquet and M. W. Kendig, Proc. Symp. Corros. Prot. Org. Coat., Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 87-2 (1987) 217.
H. Leidheiser, Jr., R. D. Granata and R. Turoscy, Corrosion 43 (1987) 296.
B. S. Skerry and D. A. Eden, Prog. Org. Coat. 15 (1987) 269.
C. Compere, J. J. Hechler, K. C. Cole, C. P. Vijayan and C. M. Davidson, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 58 (1988) 315.
B. S. Skerry, A. Alavi and K. I. Lindgren, J. Coat. Techn. 60 (1988) 97.
B. Fastrup and A. Saarnak, Prog. Org. Coat. 16 (1988) 277.
J. Hubrecht and J. Vereecken, Proc. Symp. Transient Techn. Corros. Sci. Eng., Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 89-1 (1989) 266.
I. Sekine, K. Moriya and M. Yuasa, Boshoku Gijutsu 38 (1989) 365.
S. Feliu, J. C. Galvan and M. Morcillo, Prog. Org. Coat. 17 (1989) 143.
K. Umeyama, S. Takai and T. Tsuru, Proc. Symp. Adv. Corros. Prot. Org. Coat., Electrochem. Soc., Proc. 89-13 (1989) 241.
T. Simpson, P. J. Moran, H. Hampel, G. D. Davis, B. A. Shaw, C. Arah, T. L. Fritz and K. Zankel, Corrosion 46 (1990) 331.
D. M. Drazic and V. B. Miskovic-Stankovic, Corr. Sci. 30 (1990) 575.
R. Feser and M. Stratmann, Steel Res. 61 (1990) 482.
A. Miszczyk and J. Bordzilowski, Farbe Lack 96 (1990) 860.
D. M. Drazic and V. B. Miskovic-Stankovic, Prog. Org. Coat. 18 (1990) 253.
G. Shaw, C. E. Rogers and J. H. Payer, J. Coat. Techn. 63 (1991) 35.
G. W. Walter, Corr. Sci. 32 (1991) 1059.
Idem, ibid. 32 (1991) 1085.
C. T. Chen and B. S. Skerry, Corrosion 47 (1991) 598.
F. Mansfeld, S. L. Jeanjaquet and M. W. Kendig, Proc. Adv. Localized Corrosion, NACE-9 (1990) 343.
T. Simpson, P. J. Moran, H. Hampel, G. D. Davis, B. A. Shaw, C. O. Arah, T. L. Fritz and K. L. Zankel, ASTM STP 1000 (1990) 397.
F. M. Geenen and J. H. W. DeWit, Farbe Lack 98 (1992) 9.
K. Micka and L. Kavan, Electrochim. Acta 37 (1992) 997.
U. Rammelt and G. Reinhard, Farbe Lack 98 (1992) 261.
M. D. Maksimovic and V. B. Miskovic-Stankovic, Corr. Sci. 33 (1992) 271.
I. Nowosz-Arkuszewa and M. Krawczyk, ibid. 33 (1992) 861.
E. Frechette, C. Compere and E. Ghali, ibid. 33 (1992) 1067.
F. Bellucci, L. Nicodemo, T. Monetta, M. J. Kloppers and R. M. Latanision, ibid. 33 (1992) 1203.
S. A. McCluney, S. N. Popov, B. N. Popov, R. E. White and R. B. Griffin, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139 (1992) 1556.
F. Mansfeld, Discussion of [76], J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 1825.
W. S. Tait, K. A. Handrich, S. W. Tait and J. Martin, ASTM STP 1188 (1993) 428.
S. Feliu Jr., R. Barajas, J. M. Bastidas, M. Morcillo and S. Feliu, ibid. 1188 (1993) 438.
R. D. Granata and K. J. Kovaleski, ibid. 1188 (1993) 450.
R. Armas, C. A. Gervasi, A. DiSarli, S. G. Real and J. R. Vilche, Corrosion 48 (1992) 379.
I. Sekine, K. Sakaguchi and M. Yuasa, J. Coat. Techn. 64 (1992) 45.
C. Compere, J. J. Hechler and K. Cole, Prog. Org. Coat. 20 (1992) 187.
A. Amirudin, C. Barreau and D. Thierry, Mater. Sci. Forum 111-112 (1992) 291.
A. H. Al-Hashem and K. J. Habib, J. Coat. Techn. 64 (1993) 101.
B. N. Popov, M. A. Alwohaibi and R. E. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 947.
M. J. L. Oestergaard, A. Visgaard and E. Maahn, Surf. Coat. Int. 76 (1993) 29.
H. Xiao and F. Mansfeld, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994) 2332.
F. Mansfeld and M. W. Kendig, Proc. Int. Cong. Met. Corros. 3–74, Toronto, Canada, June 1984.
K. Juettner, W. J. Lorenz, W. Paatsch, M. W. Kendig and F. Mansfeld, Werkst. Korros. 36 (1985) 120.
F. Mansfeld, Corrosion 44 (1988) 856.
Idem, Electrochim. Acta 35 (1990) 1533.
Idem, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E 203 (1991) 521.
J. Murray and H. Hack, Corrosion 48 (1992) 671.
F. Bellucci and L. Niodemo, ibid. 49 (1993) 235.
D. M. Brasher and A. H. Kingsbury, J. Appl. Chem. 4 (1954) 62.
R. Touhsaent and H. Leidheiser, Jr., Corrosion 28 (1972) 435.
F. Deflorian, L. Ferizzi and P. L. Bonora, Electrochim. Acta 38 (1993) 1609.
F. Mansfeld, discussion of [105], submitted to Electrochim. Acta.
M. W. Kendig, Corrosion 47 (1991) 964.
H. P. Hack and J. R. Scully, J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (1991) 33.
F. Mansfeld, discussion of [101], ibid. 139 (1992) 639.
H. Xiao and F. Mansfield, unpublished results.
J. R. Scully, J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mansfeld, F. Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the study of corrosion protection by polymer coatings. J Appl Electrochem 25, 187–202 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00262955
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00262955