Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthetic immunoregulating molecules: A potential bridge between cytostatic chemotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer

  • Short Review
  • Published:
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adam, A., Ciorbaru, R., Petit, J. F., Lederer, E.: Isolation and properties of a macromolecular, water-soluble, immunoadjuvant fraction of the cell wall of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 69, 851 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, A., Ciorbaru, R., Petit, J. F., Lederer, E., Chedid, L., Lamensans, A., Parant, F., Parant, M., Rosselet, J. P., Berger, F. M.: Preparation and biological properties of water-soluble adjuvant fraction from delipidated cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Nocardia opaca. Infect. Immun. 7, 855 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, A., Devys, M., Souvannavong, V., Lefrancier, P., Choay, J., Lederer, E.: Correlation of structure and adjuvant activity of N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP), its derivatives and analogues. Anti-adjuvant and competition properties of some stereoisomers. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 339 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, A., Ellouz, F., Ciorbaru, R., Petit, J. F., Lederer, E.: Peptidoglycan adjuvants: minimal structure required for activity. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 149S, 341 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Audibert, F., Chedid, L., Hannoun, C.: Augmentation de la réponse immunitaire au vaccin grippal par un glycopeptide synthétique adjuvant (N-acétylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine). C.R. Acad. Sci. [D] (Paris) 285D, 467 (1977a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Audibert, F., Chedid, L., Lefrancier, P., Choay, J.: Distinctive adjuvanticity of synthetic analogs of mycobacterial water-soluble components. Cell. Immunol. 21, 243 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Audibert, F., Chedid, L., Lefrancier, P., Choay, J., Lederer, E.: Relationship between chemical structure and adjuvant activity of some synthetic analogs of N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP). Ann. Immunol. (Paris) 128C, 643 (1977b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, I., Kishimoto, S., Yamamura, Y., Petit, J. F.: Adjuvanticity of mycobacterial cell walls. Jap. J. Microbiol. 15, 193 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, I., Sugimura, K., Taniyama, T., Yamawaki, M., Yamamura, Y., Kusumoto, S., Okada, S., Shiba, T.: Adjuvant activity of mycobacterial fractions. Adjuvant activity of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-dipeptide and the related compounds. Infect. Immun. 14, 18 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barksdale, L., Kim, K. S.: Mycobacterium. Bact. Rev. 41, 217 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bick, P. H., Möller, G.: Cytotoxic T-cell activation by polyribonucleotides: DNA synthesis is not required. J. exp. Med. 146, 844 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bick, P. H., Johnson, A. G.: Poly A:U induced secretion of T-lymphocyte helper factors. Scand. J. Immunol. 6, 1133 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanden, R. V., Lefford, M. J., Mackannes, G. B.: The host response to Calmette-Guerin bacillus infection in mice. J. exp. Med. 129, 1079 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bona, C., Heuclin, C., Chedid, L.: Enhancement of human mixed lymphocyte cultures by a water-soluble adjuvant. Rec. Res. Cancer Res. 47, 197 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Borsos, T., Rapp, H. J.: Antigenic relationship between Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and a guinea pig hepatoma. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 51, 1085 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, W., Firshein, W.: Biodynamic effects of oligonucleotides. Bact. Rev. 31, 83 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, W., Nakano, M.: Antibody formation: stimulation by polyadenylic and polycytidylic acids. Science 157, 819 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucana, C., Hanna, M. G., Jr.: Immunoelectron microscopic analysis of surface antigens common to Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and tumor cells. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 53, 1313 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chedid, L., Audibert, F.: Recent advances in the use of the synthetic immunoadjuvant muramyl dipeptide and analogues. In: Microbiology 1977. Schlessinger, D. (ed.), pp. 388–394. Washington: Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Chedid, L., Audibert, F., Lefrancier, P., Choay, J., Lederer, E.: Modulation of the immune response by a synthetic adjuvant and analogs. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 73, 2472 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chedid, L., Lamensans, A., Parant, F., Parant, M., Adam, A., Petit, J. F., Lederer, E.: Protective effect of delipidated mycobacterial cells and purified cell walls against Ehrlich carcinoma and a syngeneic lymphoid leukemia in mice. Cancer Res. 33, 2187 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chedid, L., Parant, M., Parant, F., Gustafson, R. H., Berger, F. M.: Biological study of non-toxic, water-soluble immunoadjuvant from mycobacterial cell walls. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 69, 855 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chedid, L., Parant, M., Parant, F., Lefrancier, P., Choay, J., Lederer, E.: Enhancement of non-specific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by a synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine) and several analogs. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 74, 2089 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciba Foundation Symposium, New Series, Immunopotentiation. Amsterdam: Elsevier Excerpta Medica, North Holland Associated Scientific Publishers 1973

  • Cone, R. E., Johnson, A. G.: Regulation of the immune system by synthetic polynucleotides. II. Action of antigen reactive cells of thymic origin. J. exp. Med. 133, 665 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Damais, C., Parant, M., Chedid, L.: Non-specific activation of murine spleen cells in vitro by a synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine). Cell. Immunol. 34, 49 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Damais, C., Parant, M., Chedid, L.: In vitro spleen cell responsiveness to various analogs of MDP (N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine), a synthetic immunoadjuvant, in MDP high-responder mice. Cell. Immunol. 35, 173 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • DeClercq, E., Merigan, T. C.: Requirement of a stable secondary structure for the anti-viral activity of polynucleotides. Nature (Lond.) 222, 1148 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamantstein, T.: Stimulation of humoral immune response by tilorone hydrochloride. Immunology 24, 771 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello, C. A., Elin, R. J., Chedid, L., Wolff, S. M.: The pyrogenicity of synthetic adjuvants (submitted for publication 1977)

  • Dubos, R., Schaedler, R. W.: Effects of cellular constituents of Mycobacteria on the resistance of mice to heterologous infections. J. exp. Med. 106, 703 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellouz, F., Adam, A., Ciorbaru, R., Lederer, E.: Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 1317 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fessia, J. L., Kong, Y. M., Bick, P. H., Johnson, A. G.: Prevention of tolerance induction to a thymus-dependent antigen by poly A: U induced thymocyte fluid. Europ. J. Immunol. 8, 508 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J.: The mode of action of immunologic adjuvants. Advanc. Tuberc. Res. 7, 130 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, G. R., Ribi, E., Granger, D. L., Parker, R., Azuma, I., Yamamoto, K.: Immunotherapy of cancer: tumor suppression by cell walls of Mycobacterium phlei attached to oil droplets. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 55, 727 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, I. H., Johnson, A. G., Cook, J., Han, S. S.: Comparative biological activity of endotoxin and synthetic polynucleotides. J. infect. Dis. 128, S232 (1973)

  • Han, I. H., Johnson, A. G.: Regulation of the immune system by synthetic polynucleotides. VI. Amplification of the immune response in young and aging mice. J. Immunol. 117, 423 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersch, E. M., Gutterman, J. U., Maviglit, G. M., Rooed, R. C., Richman, S. P.: BCG vaccine and its derivatives: potential, practical considerations and precautions in human cancer immunotherapy. J. Amer. med. Ass. 235, 646 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilleman, M. R., Lampson, G. P., Tytell, A. A., Field, A. K., Nemes, M. M., Krakoff, I. H.: Double stranded RNA's in relation to interferon induction and adjuvant activity. In: Biological effects of polynucleotides. Beers, R. F., Braun, W. (eds.), p. 27. New York: Springer 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiu, I. J.: Water-soluble and lipid-free fraction from BCG with adjuvant antitumor activity. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 238, 241 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, L. B.: Oily adjuvants. International Symposium on Adjuvants of Immunity, Utrecht 1966; Symp. Series Immunobiol. Standard. Vol. 6, p. 131. Basel-New York: Karger 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. G., Biozzi, G., Halpern, B. N., Stiffel, C., Mouton, D.: The effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) infection on the resistance of mice to bacteria endotoxin and Salmonella enteritidis infection. Brit. J. exp. Path. 40, 281 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, L.: Immunochemotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in disseminated cancer. Int. Conf. on Immunotherapy of Cancer. Southam, C. M., Friedman, H. (eds.). The New York Academy of Sciences 277, 209 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. G.: The adjuvant action of synthetic polynucleotides on the immune response. In: Immune RNA. Cohen, E. P. (ed.), p. 17. Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Co. 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. G., Hoekstra, G.: Acceleration of the primary antibody response. In: Ontogeny of Immunity. Smith, R. T., Good, R. A., Miescher, P. (eds.), p. 187. Gainesville: University of Florida 1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Juy, D., Chedid, L.: Comparison between macrophage activation and enhancement of non-specific resistance to tumors by mycobacterial immunoadjuvants. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 72, 4105 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kind, P., Johnson, A. G.: Studies on the adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxins on antibody formation. I. Time limitations of enhancing effect and restoration of antibody formation in x-irradiated rabbits. J. Immunol. 82, 415 (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotani, S., Watanabe, Y., Shimono, T., Narita, T., Kato, K., Stewart-Tull, D. E. S., Kinoshita, F., Yakogawa, K., Kawata, S., Shiba, T., Kusumoto, S., Tarumi, Y.: Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls, their water-soluble fractions and peptidoglycan subunits prepared from various gram-positive bacteria and of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides. Z. Immun-Forsch. 149, 302 (1975a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotani, S., Watanabe, Y., Kinoshita, F., Shimono, T., Morisaki, I., Shiba, T., Kusumoto, S., Tarumi, I., Ikenaka, K.: Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides or-amino acids. Biken's J. 18, 105 (1975b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotani, S., Watanabe, Y., Shimono, T., Harada, K., Shiba, T., Kusumoto, S., Yokogawa, K., Taniguchi, M.: Correlation between the immunoadjuvant activities and pyrogenicities of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides or -amino acids. Biken's J. 19, 9 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacour, J., Lacour, F., Spira, A., Delage, G., Michelson, A. M.: An immunotherapeutic trial of the adjuvant poly A: U in the management of breast cancer. Bull. Cancer 61, 275 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamensans, A., Chedid, L., Lederer, E., Rosselet, J. P., Ludwig, B., Berger, F. M., Gustafson, R. H., Spencer, H. J.: Enhancement of immunity against murine syngeneic tumors by a fraction extracted from non-pathogenic mycobacteria. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 72, 3656 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamensans, A., Mollier, M. F., Laurent, M.: Action du BCG sur l'activité catalasique hépatique chez la Souris. Relations avec le système rétculo-endothélial et la résistance à la leucose greffée AKR. Rev. Franç. Étud. clin. biol. 13, 871 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamoureux, G., Turcotte, R., Portelance, V.: BCG in Cancer Immunotherapy. New York: Grune and Stratton 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • The Lancet, Editorial: Immunological adjuvants: less alchemy and more science? July 30, Vol. II, 230 (1977)

  • Laucius, J. F., Bodurtha, A. J., Mastrangelo, M. J., Creech, R. H.: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in the treatment of neoplastic disease. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 16, 347 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebar, R., Voisin, G. A.: Production d'une encéphalomyélite allergique expérimentale auto-immune (EAE) chez le cobaye à l'aide d'un adjuvant hydrosoluble extrait de Mycobacterium smegmatis. Ann. Immunol. (Paris) 125C, 911 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc, C., Lamensans, A., Chedid, L., Drapier, J. C., Petit, J. F., Wietzerbin, J., Lederer, E.: Non-specific immunoprevention of L1210 leukemia by cord factor (6–6′ dimycolate of trehalose) administered in a metabolizable oil. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 227 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, E.: Natural and synthetic immunostimulants related to the mycobacterial cell wall. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific 1977

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederer, E., Adam, A., Ciorbaru, R., Petit, J. F., Wietzerbin, J.: Cell walls of mycobacteria and related organisms: chemistry and immunostimulant properties. Molec. Cell. Biochem. 7, 87 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederman, H., Tubergen, D., Cassidy, J., Johnson, A. G.: Regulation of the immune system by synthetic polynucleotides. VIII. Stimulation of human peripheral blood leucocytes (to be submitted 1977)

  • Liacopoulos, P., Birrien, J. L., Bleux, C., Couderc, J.: Early recovery of the immune response of a specifically depleted cell population under the influence of water-soluble adjuvant. Rec. Res. Cancer Res. 47, 201 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Löwy, L., Bona, C., Chedid, L.: Target cells for the activity of a synthetic adjuvant: muramyl dipeptide. Cell. Immunol. 29, 195 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrangelo, M. J., Berd, D., Bellet, R. E.: Critical review of previously reported clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy with non-specific immunostimulants. Int. Conf. on Immunotherapy of Cancer. Southam, C. M., Friedman, H. (eds.). The New York Academy of Sciences 277, 94 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathé, G.: Active immunotherapy. Advanc. Cancer Res. 14, 1 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, G. D., Fink, B. A.: Bis-DEAE-fluorenone, an oral inducer of interferon. Fed. Proc. 29, 635 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Megel, H., Raychaudhuri, A., Goldstein, S., Kinsolving, C. R., Shemano, I., Michael, J. G.: Tilorone: its selective effect on humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 145, 513 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, K., Johnson, A. G.: Studies on the adjuvant action of bacterial endotoxins on antibody formation. VI. Enhancement of antibody formation by nucleic acids. J. Immunol. 94, 416 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Merser, C., Sinaÿ, P., Adam, A.: Total synthesis and adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 66, 1316 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Micksche, M., Kokoschka, E. M., Sagaster, P., Bicker, U.: Clinical studies of BM 06002, a new immunostimulant drug. IRCS Med. Sci. 5, 192 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Migliore-Samour, D., Jollès, P.: A hydrosoluble adjuvant active mycobacterial polysaccharide-peptidoglycan. Preparation by a single extraction technique of the bacterial cells (strain peurois). FEBS-Lett. 25, 301 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Modolell, M., Luckenbach, G. A., Parant, M., Munder, P. G.: The adjuvant activity of a mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant (WSA) in vitro. I. The requirement for macrophages. J. Immunol. 113, 395 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, C. K. W., Johnson, A. G.: Regulation in the immune system by synthetic polynucleotides. VII. Suppressor cells induced by pretreatment with poly A : U (submitted for publication 1977)

  • Munder, P. G., Weltzien, H. U., Modolell, M.: Lysolecithin analogs: a new class of immunopotentiators. Immunopathology VIIth Int. Symp. Miescher, P. A. (ed.), p. 411. Basel-Stuttgart: Schwabe and Co. 1976

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, Y.: Modulation of the immunologic response of myelin basic protein by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Neurology (Minneap.) 26, 45 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oettgen, H. F., Pinsky, C. M., Delmonte, L.: Treatment of cancer with immunomodulators: Corynebacterium parvum and levamisole. Symposium on Immunotherapy in Malignant Disease. Med. Clin. N. Amer. 60, 511 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Old, L. J., Clarke, D. A., Benacerraf, B.: Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection on transplanted tumours in the mouse. Nature (Lond.) 184, 291 (1959)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, P. Y., Drobish, D. G.: Adjuvanticity of synthetic polynucleotides for induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 113, 1942 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Perloff, M., Holland, J. F., Lumb, G. J., Bekesi, J. G.: Effect of methanol extraction residues of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in humans. Cancer Res. 37, 1191 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Philips, F. S., Fleisher, M., Hamilton L. D., Schwartz, M. K., Steinberg, S. S.: Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid toxicity. In: Biological effects of polynucleotides. Beers, R. F., Braun, W. (eds.), p. 259. New York: Springer 1971

    Google Scholar 

  • Pouillart, P., Mathé, G., Palangié, T., Schwarzenberg, L., Huguenin, P., Morin, P., Gautier, M., Parrot, R.: Trial of BCG immunotherapy in the treatment of resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus (stages I and II). Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 1, 271 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffel, S.: The components of the tubercle bacillus responsible for the delayed type of infectious allergy. J infect. Dis. 82, 267 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  • Renoux, G., Renoux, M.: Effet immunostimulant d'un imidazothiazole dans l'immunisation des souris contre l'infection par Brucella abortus. C.R. Acad. Sci. [D] (Paris) 272D, 349 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidtke, J. R., Johnson, A. G.: Regulation of the immune system by synthetic polynucleotides. I. Characterization of the adjuvant action on antibody synthesis. J. Immunol. 106, 1191 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, J. H.: Suppression of the immune response by microorganisms. Bact. Rev. 39, 121 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Specter, S., Friedman, H., Chedid, L.: Dissociation between the adjuvant vs mitogenic activity of a synthetic muramyl dipeptide for murine splenocytes. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 155, 349 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart-Tull, D. E. S., Shimono, T., Kotani, S., Kato, M., Ogawa, Y., Yamamura, Y., Koga, T., Pearson, C. M.: Adjuvant activity of a non-toxic, water-soluble glycopeptide present in large quantities in the culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tubersulosis strain OT. Immunology 29, 1 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stupp, Y., Paul, W. E., Benacerraf, B.: Structural control of immunogenicity. II. Antibody synthesis and cellular immunity in response to immunization with mono-ε-oligo-l-lysines. Immunology 21, 583 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, M., Germain, R. N., Chedid, L., Benacerraf, B.: Enhancement of carrier-specific helper T-cell function by the synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP) (submitted for publication 1977)

  • Symoens, J.: Le lévamisole, une chimiothérapeutique antianergique. Luvain Med. 95, 383 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Symoens, J., Rosenthal, M.: Levamisole in the modulation of the immune response: the current experimental and clinical state. J. Ret. Endo. Soc. 21, 175 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A., Nagao, S., Saito, R., Kotani, S., Kusumoto, S., Shiba, T.: Correlation of stereochemically specific structure in muramyl dipeptide between macrophage activation and adjuvant activity. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 77, 621 (1977a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, A., Saito, R., Sugiyama, K., Morisaki, I., Kotani, S., Kusumoto, S., Shiba, T.: Adjuvant activity of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides in rats. Infect. Immun. 15, 332 (1977b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Toullet, F., Audibert, F., Chedid, L., Voisin, G. A.: Production d'une orchiépididymite aspermatogénétique autoimmune (OAAI) chez le cobaye à l'aide d'un adjuvant hydrosoluble extrait de Mycobacterium smegmatis. Ann. Immunol. (Paris) 125C, 901 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Toullet, F., Audibert, F., Voisin, G. A., Chedid, L.: Production d'une orchiépididymite aspermatogénétique autoimmune chez le cobaye à l'aide de différents adjuvants hydrosolubles. Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur) 128C, 267 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbark, A. A., Burger, D. R., Vetto, R. M.: Cell-mediated immunity in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Cross reactivity between myelin basic protein and mycobacteria antigens. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 148, 1233 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, D. W., Bonhag, R. S., de Ome, K. B.: Protective activity of fractions of tubercle bacilli against isologous tumours in mice. Nature (Lond.) 190, 889 (1961)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, G. H., Maral, R., Floc'h F., Jouanne, M.: Toxicological aspects of immunopotentiation by adjuvants and immunostimulating substances. Bull. Inst. Pasteur 75, 5 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, O., Fischer, H., Munder, P. G.: Adjuvanticity of lysolecithin and synthetic analogues. 8th Int. Congr. Biochem. Interlaken, p. 319 (1970)

  • White, R. G.: The adjuvant effect of microbial products on the immune response. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 30, 579 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. C., Jollès, P., Samour, D., Lederer, E.: Correlation of adjuvant activity and chemical structure of wax D fractions of mycobacteria. Immunology 7, 185 (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura, Y., Azuma, I., Taniyama, T., Sugimura, K., Hirao, F., Tokuzen, R., Okabe, M., Nakahara, W., Yasumoto, K., Ohta, M.: Immunotherapy of cancer with cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: experimental and clinical results. Int. Conf. on Immunotherapy of Cancer Southam, C. M., Friedman, H. (eds.). The New York Academy of Sciences 277, 209 (1976a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura, Y., Azuma, I., Sugimura, K., Yamawaki, M., Uemiya, M., Kusumoto, S., Okada, S., Shiba, T.: Adjuvant activity of 6-O-mycolovl-N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine. Gann 67, 867 (1976b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yron, I., Weiss, D. W., Robinson, E., Cohen, D., Adelberg, M. G., Mekori, T., Haber, M.: Immunotherapeutic studies in mice with the methanol extraction residue (MER) fraction of BCG. Studies with solid tumors. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 39, 33 (1973)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zbar, B., Berstein, I. D., Rapp, H. J.: Suppression of tumor growth at the site of infection with living bacillus Calmette-Guérin. J. nat. Cancer Inst. 46, 831 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zbar, B., Berstein, I., Tanaka, T., Rapp, H. J.: Tumor immunity produced by the intradermal inoculation of living tumor cells and living Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG). Science 170, 1217 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zbar, B., Rapp, H. J., Ribi, E.: Tumor suppression by cell walls of Mycobacterium bovis attached to oil droplets. J. natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 831 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Michigan, 6643 Med. Science Bdg II, 48104, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Arthur G. Johnson

  2. Groupe de Recherche no 31 du C.N.R.S., Immunothérapie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75724, Paris cedex 15, France

    Françoise Audibert & Louis Chedid

  3. INSERM, Paris

    Françoise Audibert

Authors
  1. Arthur G. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Françoise Audibert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Louis Chedid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Johnson, A.G., Audibert, F. & Chedid, L. Synthetic immunoregulating molecules: A potential bridge between cytostatic chemotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 3, 219–227 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00200075

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00200075

Keywords

Search

Navigation