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Gene expression from viral RNA genomes

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Abstract

This review is centered on the major strategies used by plant RNA viruses to produce the proteins required for virus multiplication. The strategies at the level of transcription presented here are synthesis of mRNA or subgenomic RNAs from viral RNA templates, and ‘cap-snatching’. At the level of translation, several strategies have been evolved by viruses at the steps of initiation, elongation and termination. At the initiation step, the classical scanning mode is the most frequent strategy employed by viruses; however in a vast number of cases, leaky scanning of the initiation complex allows expression of more than one protein from the same RNA sequence. During elongation, frameshift allows the formation of two proteins differing in their carboxy terminus. At the termination step, suppression of termination produces a protein with an elongated carboxy terminus. The last strategy that will be described is co-and/or post-translational cleavage of a polyprotein precursor by virally encoded proteinases. Most (+)-stranded RNA viruses utilize a combination of various strategies.

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Abbreviations

Viruses :

(genera of viruses are based on [198])

ACLSV:

apple chlorotic leaf spot closterovirus

AIMV:

alfalfa mosaic virus

AMCV:

artichoke mottle crinkle tombusvirus

ASGV:

apple stem grooving capillovirus

ASPV:

apple stem pitting virus

BaYMV:

barley yellow mosaic bymovirus

BBScV:

blueberry scorch carlavirus

BMV:

brome mosaic bromovirus

BNYVV:

beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus

BSMV:

barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus

BWYV:

beet western yellows luteovirus

BYDV:

barley yellow dwarf luteovirus

BYV:

beet yellows closterovirus

CaMV:

cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus

CarMV:

carnation mottle carmovirus

CCFV:

cardamine chlorotic fleck carmovirus

CCSV:

oucumber chlorotic spot closterovirus

CfMV:

cockfoot mottle sobemovirus

CLRV:

cherry leafroll (nepo?) virus

CMV:

cucumber mosaic cucumovirus

CNV:

cucumber necrosis tombusvirus

CPMV:

cowpea mosaic comovirus

CRSV:

carnation ringspot dianthovirus

CTV:

citrus tristeza closterovirus

CyRSV:

cymbidium ringspot tombusvirus

FMV:

foxtail mosaic potexvirus

GFMV:

grapevine fanleaf nepovirus

LIYV:

lettuce infectious yellows closterovirus

MCMV:

maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus

MNSV:

melon necrotic spot carmovirus

OCSV:

oat chlorotic stunt virus

PCV:

peanut clump furovirus

PEBV:

pea early browning tobravirus

PEMV:

pea enation mosaic enamovirus

PLRV:

potato leafroll luteovirus

PMTV:

potato mop-top potexvirus

PPV:

plum pox potyvirus

PSbMV:

pea seedborne mosaic potyvirus

PVM:

potato carlavirus M

PVX:

potato potexvirus X

PYFV:

parsnip yellow fleck sequivirus

RBDV:

raspberry bushy dwarf ilarvirus

RCNMV:

red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus

RTSV:

rice tungro spherical waikavirus

SBWMV:

soil-borne wheat mosaic furovirus

SCNMV:

sweet clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus

SDV:

soybean dwarf luteovirus

STMV:

satellite of tobacco mosaic virus

TBSV:

tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus

TCV:

turnip crinkle carmovirus

TEV:

tobacco etch potyvirus

TMV:

tobacco mosaic tobamovirus

TNV:

tobacco necrosis necrovirus

TRV:

tobacco rattle tobravirus

TSV:

tobacco streak ilarvirus

TYMV:

turnin yellow mosaic tymovirus

WC1MV:

white clover mosaic potexvirus

Others :

CP, coat protein

ds:

double-strand

g:

genomic

GUS:

β-glucuronidase

ICR:

internal control region

IR:

intercistronic (or intergenic) region

IRES:

internal ribosome entry site

kDa:

kilodalton; nt, nucleotide

ORF:

open reading frame

RdRp:

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

sg:

subgenomic

SGP:

subgenomic promoter

ss:

single strand

TGB:

triple gene block

UTR:

untranslated region

v:

viral

vc:

viral complementary

VPg:

virus protein genomic

wt:

wild type

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  1. Ivan G. Maia

    Present address: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária ‘Zeferino Vaz’, Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, Brazil

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    Ivan G. Maia, Karin Séron, Anne-Lise Haenni & Françoise Bernardi

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Maia, I.G., Séron, K., Haenni, AL. et al. Gene expression from viral RNA genomes. Plant Mol Biol 32, 367–391 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039391

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