Abstract
In Europe during World War II, evacuations of children without parents from war zones and war-affected areas were common. Evacuations required administration and extensive logistics, and financial resources had to be obtained. Governments and government agencies were involved but their political aims and motivations differed. The following chapter examines the evacuation of Finnish war children to Sweden during World War II. It focuses on the sick Finnish war children whose evacuation and medical care in Sweden became a concern of the Swedish state. Based on an analysis of medical records, the construction of children and the state’s role in the evacuations is discussed. A historical perspective on evacuations of war children during WWII offers an opportunity to reflect on the current situation of unaccompanied refugee children and their arrival to European countries today.
References
Andresen, A., Gardarsdóttir, Ó., Janfelt, M., Lindgren, C., Markkola, P., & Söderlind, I. (2011). Barnen och välfärdspolitiken: nordiska barndomar 1900-2000. Stockholm: Institutet för Framtidsstudier, Dialogos förlag. (in Swedish).
Areschoug, J. (2000). Det sinnesslöa skolbarnet: undervisning, tvång och medborgarskap 1925-1954 (Doctoral thesis, Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, 220). Tema Barn, Institutionen för Tema, Linköpings Universitet. (in Swedish).
Bacchi, C. (2012). Why study problematizations? Making politics visible. Open Journal of Political Science, 2(1), 1–8.
Berge, A. (2007). Sjukvårdens underklass: sjukvården i den kommunala fattigvården 1910-1950. Umeå: Borea. (in Swedish).
Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health (Monograph series, no. 2). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Carlquist, E. (1971). Solidaritet på prov: finlandshjälp under vinterkriget. Stockholm: Allmänna förlaget. (in Swedish).
Dodd, L. (2009). ‘Partez Partez’, again and again: The efficacy of evacuation as a means of protecting children from Bombing in France 1939-45. Children in War, 1(6), 7–20.
Downs, L. L. (2002). Childhood in the promised land: Working-class movements and the colonies de vacances in France, 1880-1960. Durham: Duke University Press.
Downs, L. L. (2005). Milieu social or milieu familial? Theories and practices of childrearing among the popular classes in 20th-century France and Britain: The case of evacuation (1939-1945). Family and Community History, 8(1), 49–66.
Fassin, D. (2012). Humanitarian reason: A moral history of the present. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Foucault, M. (1973/1994). The birth of the clinic: An archeology of medical perception. New York: Pantheon books.
Foucault, M. (1988). On problematization. History of the Present, 4, 16–17.
Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. (1941). War and children. New York: Medical War Books.
Gagen, E. (2001). Too good to be true: Representing children’s agency in the archives of the playground reform. Historical Geography, 29, 53–64.
Hendrick, H. (1994). Child welfare in England, 1872-1945. London: Routledge.
Isaacs, S. (1941). The Cambridge evacuation survey: A wartime study in social welfare and education. London: Methuen.
Junila, M. (2012). Wars on the home front: Mobilization, economy and everyday experiences. In T. Kinnunen & V. Kivimäki (Eds.), Finland in world war II: History, memory, interpretations (pp. 191–232). Leiden: Brill.
Kaplan, M. (1998). Between dignity and despair: Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaven, P. (1994/2003). 70000 pientä kohtaloa (2nd ed.). Estonia: Sahlgrens. (in Finnish).
Kaven, P. (2012). Krigsbarnen: förväntningar och verklighet. Hangö: Pertti Kavén. (in Swedish).
Korppi-Tommola, A. (2008). War and children in Finland during the Second World War. Paedagogica Historica, 44(4), 445–455.
Kuusisto-Arponen, A-K. (2015). Relating self, place, and memory: Spatial trauma among British and Finnish War children. In Geographies of children and young people: Conflict, violence, and peace (Present issue) Singapore: Springer.
Laurent, H. (2012). War and the emerging social state: Social policy, public health and citizenship in wartime Finland. In T. Kinnunen & V. Kivimäki (Eds.), Finland in world war II: History, memory, interpretations (pp. 315–354). Leiden: Brill.
Lundquist, J. (1963). Tuberkulosen. In W. Kock (Ed.), Medicinalväsendet i Sverige 1813-1962 (pp. 381–404). Stockholm: AB Nordiska Bokhandelns Förlag.
Macnicol, J. (1986). The effect of the evacuation of schoolchildren on official attitudes to state intervention. In Harold L. Smith (Ed.), War and social change: British Society in the Second World War (pp. 3–31). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Manley, R. (2009). To the Tashkent station: Evacuation and survival in the Soviet Union at war. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Martin, L. (2011). The geopolitics of vulnerability: Children’s legal subjectivity, immigrant family detention and US immigration law and enforcement policy. Gender, Place and Culture, 18(4), 477–498.
Nehlin, A. (2009). Exporting visions and saving children: The Swedish save the children fund (Doctoral thesis, Linköping studies in arts and science, 494). Child studies, Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University.
Nehlin, A., & Söderlind, I. (2014). Alla vill ha finska krigsbarn: barntransporter från Finland till Sverige under andra världskriget. Arbetarhistoria: Meddelande från Arbetarrörelsens Arkiv och Bibliotek, 4(152), 27–33.
Ortmark Almgren, S. (2003). Krigsbarns erinran: snäll, lydig och tacksam. Stockholm: SinOA. (in Swedish).
Parsons, M. (1998). ‘I’ll take that one’: Dispelling the myths of civilian evacuation, 1935-1945. Peterborough: Beckett Karlson.
Parsons, M. (2010). War child: Children caught in conflict. Chalford: Tempus.
Rossi, T. (2008). Räddade till livet: Om en stor svensk hjälpinsats för Finlands barn 1939-1949. Höör: Tapani Rossi Förlag. (in Swedish).
Shapira, M. (2013). The war inside: Psychoanalysis, total war, and the making of the democratic self in postwar Britain. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Spitz, R., & Wolf, K. (1946). Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood, II. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, 313–342.
Stargardt, N. (2005). Witnesses of war: Children’s lives under the Nazis. New York: Vintage Books.
Stewart, J., & Welshman, J. (2006). The evacuation of children in wartime Scotland: Culture, behavior and poverty. Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 26((1+2)), 100–120.
Stretmo, L. (2014).Governing the unaccompanied child: Media, policy, and practice (Doctoral thesis, Gothenburg Studies in Sociology, 56). Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothonburgensis.
Titmuss, R. (1950). Problems of social policy. London: HSMO.
Torrie, J. (2010). ‘For their own good’: Civilian evacuations in Germany and France, 1939-1945. New York: Berghahn.
Vastamäki, K. (2009). Min pappa – ett krigsbarn. Visby: Books-on-Demand. (in Swedish).
Weiner, G. (1995). De räddade barnen: om fattiga barn, mödrar och fader och deras mote med filantropin i Hagalund 1900-1940 (Doctoral thesis, Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, 113). Hjelms Förlag. (in Swedish).
Welshman, J. (1998). Evacuation and social policy during the second world war: Myth and reality. Twentieth Century British History, 9(1), 28–53.
Welshman, J. (2010). Churchill’s children: The evacuee experience in wartime Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zetterqvist Nelson, K. (2009). När Bowlby kom till Sverige: från motstånd till erkännande. In A.-M. Markström, M. Simonsson, I. Söderlind, & E. Änggård (Eds.), Barn, barndom och föräldraskap (pp. 271–289). Stockholm: Carlssons. (in Swedish).
Zhara, T. (2011). The lost children: Reconstructing Europe’s families after World War II. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this entry
Cite this entry
Zetterqvist Nelson, K. (2015). War Children, Evacuations, and State Politics in Europe During WWII: A Local Case of Sick Finnish War Children in Sweden. In: Harker, C., Hörschelmann, K., Skelton, T. (eds) Conflict, Violence and Peace. Geographies of Children and Young People, vol 11. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_19-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-98-9_19-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Online ISBN: 978-981-4585-98-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences