Skip to main content

Beam-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Antenna Technologies

Abstract

This chapter presents the basic principles and recent developments of beam-scanning leaky-wave antennas. The single radiating element is realized by modifying waveguides to leak along the structure producing radiated beams that scan as the operating frequency is varied. This unique characteristic distinguishes leaky-wave antennas from other types of antenna. Leaky-wave antennas are broadly classified into three classes: uniform, periodic, and quasiperiodic. In the following sections, each class will be explained and compared. Samples of novel design techniques and potential applications are also highlighted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 2,999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abielmona S, Nguyen HV, Caloz C (2011) Analog direction of arrival estimation using an electronically-scanned CRLH leaky-wave antenna. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 59(4):1408–1412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen CA, Caloz C, Itoh T (2004) Leaky-wave in a metamaterial-based two-dimensional structure for a conical beam antenna application. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-MTT international symposium, Fort Worth, TX, pp 305–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki K, Koyama T, Naito Y (1975) A new type of isolator using the edge-guided mode. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech MTT-23(3):321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baccarelli P, Nallo C, Freza F, Galli A, Lampariello P (1997) Attractive features of leaky-wave antennas based on ferrite-loaded open waveguides. In: IEEE AP-S international symposium digest, vol 2, Montreal, Canada, pp 1442–1445

    Google Scholar 

  • Balanis CA (1997) Antenna theory: analysis and design, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozzi M, Georgiadis A, Wu K (2011) Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas. Microw Antennas Propag IET 5(8):909–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghignoli P, Lovat G, Jackson DR (2006) Analysis and optimization of leaky-wave radiation at broadside from a class of 1D periodic structures. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 54:2593–2603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caloz C, Itoh T (2005) Electromagnetic metamaterials: transmission line theory and microwave applications. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Caloz C, Jackson DR, Itoh T (2011) Leaky-wave antennas. In: Frontiers in antennas: next generation design & engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 339–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin RE (1991) Field theory of guided waves, 2nd edn. IEEE Press, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Itoh T (2011) Composite right/left-handed substrate integrated waveguide and half mode substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave structures. IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 59(3):767–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y, Itoh T (2012) Substrate integrated composite right/left-handed leaky-wave structure for polarization-flexible antenna application. IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 60(2):760–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duran-Sindreu M, Choi J, Bonache J, Martin F, Itoh T (2013) Dual-band leaky wave antenna with filtering capability based on extended-composite right/left-handed transmission lines. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-MTT international symposium, Seattle, WA

    Google Scholar 

  • Eleftheriades GV, Balmain KG (2006) Negative refraction metamaterials: fundamental principles and applications. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Eleftheriades GV (2007) A generalized negative-refractive index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterial for dual-band and quad-band applications. IEEE Microw Wirel Compon Lett 17(6):415–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engheta N, Ziolkowski RW (2006) Electromagnetic metamaterials: physics and engineering explorations. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Esquius-Morote M, Gomez-Diaz JS, Perruisseau-Carrier J (2014) Sinusoidally modulated graphene leaky-wave antenna for electronic beamscanning at THz. IEEE Trans THz Sci Technol 4(1):116–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grbic A, Eleftheriades GV (2002) A backward-wave antenna based on negative refractive index L-C networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE antennas propagation society international symposium digest, vol 4, San Antonio, TX, pp 340–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen WW (1940) Radiating electromagnetic waveguide. US Patent 2.402.622

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashemi MRM, Itoh T (2010) Coupled composite right/left-handed leaky-wave transmission-line based con common/differential-mode analysis. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 58(12):3645–3656

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessel A (1969) General characteristics of traveling-wave antennas. In: Collin RE, Zucker FJ (eds) Antenna theory, part II. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines ME (1971) Reciprocal and nonreciprocal modes of propagation in ferrite stripline and microstripline devices. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech MTT-19(5):442–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirokawa J, Ando M (1998) Single-layer feed waveguide consisting of posts for plane TEM wave excitation in parallel plate. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 46(5):625–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Chiao J, Lisio P (2000) An electronically switchable leaky wave antenna. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 48(11):1769–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii M, Fukusako T (2012) Circularly polarized leaky wave antenna using composite right/left-handed transmission line. In: PIERS proceedings, Moscow, Russia, pp 972–975

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DR, Oliner AA (2008) Leaky-wave antennas. In: Balanis C (ed) Modern antenna handbook. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DR, Caloz C, Itoh T (2012) Leaky-wave antennas. Proc IEEE 100(7):2194–2206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DR (2013) Recent advances in leaky-wave antennas. In: Proceedings of the URSI international symposium electromagnetic theory (EMTS), Hiroshima, Japan, pp 9–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitatani K, Mitsuhata Y, Okamura Y (2012) Circularly polarized leaky wave antenna without phase shifter using CRLH transmission line. In: European conference on antennas and propagation (EUCAP), Prague, Czech, pp 255–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodera T, Caloz C (2009) Uniform ferrite-loaded open waveguide structure with CRLH response and its application to a novel backfire-to-endfire leaky-wave antenna. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 57(4):784–795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai A, Caloz C, Itoh T (2004) Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials. IEEE Microw Mag 5(3):34–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Choi JH, Kasahara Y, Itoh T (2014a) A circularly polarized single radiator leaky-wave antenna based on CRLH-inspired substrate integrated waveguide. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-MTT international symposium, Tampa, FL, to be published

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Choi JH, Wu CM, Itoh T (2014b) A compact single radiator circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna based on CRLH-inspired substrate integrated waveguide. IEEE Trans Antenna Propag IEEE Trans Antenna Propag, submitted

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim S, Caloz C, Itoh T (2004) Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable radiation angle and beamwidth. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 52(12):2678–2690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Caloz C, Itoh T (2000) Dominant mode (DM) leaky-wave antenna with backfire-to-endfire scanning capability. Electron Lett 38(23):1414–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machac J, Polivka M (2012) A dual band SIW leaky wave antenna. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-MTT international symposium, Montreal, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Manasson V, Sadovnik L, Mino R (1996) MMW scanning antenna. IEEE AES system magazine, pp 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel W (1979) A new travelling wave antenna in microstrip. Arch Elektron Uebertrag Tech 33(4):137–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel W, Moebius A (2012) Antenna concepts for millimeter-wave automotive radar sensors. Proc IEEE 100(7):2372–2379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel W (2013) Planar leaky-wave antennas – early concept and actual result. In: European microwave conference, Nuremberg, Germany, pp 483–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen HV, Parsa A, Caloz C (2010) Power-recycling feedback system for maximization of leaky-wave antennas radiation efficiency. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 58(7):1641–1650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliner A, Hessel A (1959) Guided waves on sinusoidally-modulated reactance surfaces. IRE Trans Antennas Propag 7:201–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliner AA, Lee KS (1986) The nature of the leakage from higher modes on microstrip line. In: IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest, Baltimore, MD, pp 57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliner AA, Jackson DR (2007) Leaky-wave antennas. In: Volakis J (ed) Antenna engineering handbook, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel AM, Grbic A (2007) A printed leaky-wave antenna with a sinusoidally modulated surface reactance. In: Proceedings of the IEEE AP-S international symposium, Charleston, SC, pp 3820–3023

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel AM, Grbic A (2011) A printed leaky-wave antenna based on a sinusoidally-modulated reactance surface. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 59(6):2087–2096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulotto S, Baccarelli P, Frezza F, Jackson DR (2009) Novel technique for open-stopband suppression in 1-D periodic printed leaky-wave antenna. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(7):1894–1906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozar DM (1998) Microwave engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennings A, Otto S, Mosig J, Caloz C, Wolff I (2006) Extended composite right/left-handed metamaterial and its application as quadband quarter-wavelength transmission line. In: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific microwave conference (APMC), Yokohama, pp 1405–1408

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan CGM, Eleftheriades GV (2010) A dual-band leaky-wave antenna based on generalized negative-refractive-index transmission-lines. In: IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium (APS-URSI), Toronto, Canada, pp 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato K, Matsuzawa S, Inoue Y, Nomura T (2006) Electronically scanned left-handed leaky wave antenna for millimeter-wave automotive applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international workshop antenna technology, White Plains, NY, pp 420–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato K, Yonak SH, Nomura T, Matsuzawa S, Iizuka H (2007) Metamaterial for automotive applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE antenna propagation society international symposium digest, Honolulu, HI, pp 1144–1147

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelley MW, Mason AG, Markus K (1991) Frequency scanning antennas for aeronautical communications. In: Proceedings of the IEE colloquium on satellite antenna technology in the 21st century, London, UK, pp 12/1–12/4

    Google Scholar 

  • Sievenpiper D, Zhang D, Broas RFJ, Alexopolus NG, Yablonovitch E (1999) High-impedance electromagnetic surfaces with a forbidden frequency band. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 47:2059–2074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silver S (1949) Microwave antenna theory and design. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Siragusa R, Perret E, Lemaitre-Auger P, Van Nguyen H, Tedjini S, Caloz C (2012) A tapered CRLH interdigital/sub leaky-wave antenna with minimized side-lobe levels. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 11:1214–1217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stutzman WL, Thiele GA (1998) Antenna theory and design, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutinjo A, Okoniewski M, Johnson RH (2008) Radiation from fast and slow traveling waves. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 50(4):175–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamir T (1969) Leakey-wave antennas. In: Collin RE, Zucker FJ (eds) Antenna theory, part II. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavallaee AA, Williams BS, Hon PWC, Itoh T, Chen QS (2011) Terahertz quantum-cascade laser with active leaky-wave antenna. Appl Phys Lett 99:1411–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Tospann FJ, Pirkl M, Gruner W (1995) Multifunction 35 GHz FMCW radar with frequency scanning antenna for synthetic vision application. In: Proceedings of the SPIE conference synthetic vision for vehicle guidance and control, vol 243, Orlando, FL, pp 28–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi M, Ueda T (2004) Nonreciprocal left-handed microstrip lines using ferrite substrate. In: IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest, vol 1, Fort Worth, TX, pp 249–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueda T, Horikawa K, Akiyama M, Tsutsumi M (2009) Nonreciprocal phase-shift composite right/left handed transmission lines and their application to antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(7):1995–2005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda T, Yamamoto S, Kado Y, Itoh T (2012) Pseudo-traveling wave resonator with magnetically tunable phase gradient of fields and its applications to beam steering antennas. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 60(10):3043–3054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whetten F, Balanis CA (1991) Meandering long slot leaky-wave antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 39(11):1553–1559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu K, Deslandes D, Cassivi Y (2003) The substrate integrated circuits – a new concept for high-frequency electronics and optoelectronics. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference telecommunications in modern satellite, cable and broadcasting service, vol 1, Nis, Yugoslavia

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu JW, Wang CJ, Jou CF (2009) Method of suppressing the side lobe of a tapered short leaky wave antenna. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 8:1146–1149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang N, Caloz C, Wu K (2009) Fixed-beam frequency-tunable phase reversal coplanar stripline antenna array. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 57(3):671–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jun H. Choi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this entry

Cite this entry

Choi, J.H., Itoh, T. (2016). Beam-Scanning Leaky-Wave Antennas. In: Chen, Z., Liu, D., Nakano, H., Qing, X., Zwick, T. (eds) Handbook of Antenna Technologies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-44-3_60

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics