Abstract
Graphene has drawn tremendous interest in the field of nanoscience as a superior theranostic agent owing to its high photostability, aqueous solubility, and low toxicity. This monoatomic thick building block of a carbon allotrope exhibits zero to two-dimensional characteristics with a unique size range within the nanoscale. Their high biocompatibility, quantum yield, and photoluminescent properties make them more demandable in biomedical research. Its application in biomedical sciences has been limited due to its small-scale production. Large-scale production with an easy synthesis process is urgently required to overcome the problem associated with its translational application. Despite all possible drawbacks, the graphene-based drug/gene delivery system is gaining popularity day by day. To date, various studies suggested its application as a theranostic agent for target-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics or antibiotics against various diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s diseases, multidrug resistance diseases, and more. Also, studying the toxicological profile of graphene derivatives is very important before starting its practical use in clinical applications. This chapter has tried to abbreviate several methods and their possible incoming perspective as claimed by researchers for mass production and amplifying graphene-based treatment approaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfarouk KO, Stock C-M, Taylor S, Walsh M, Muddathir AK, Verduzco D, Bashir AHH, Mohammed OY, Elhassan GO, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ, Ibrahim ME, Rauch C (2015) Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp. Cancer Cell Int 15:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1
Al-Nahain A, Lee JE, In I, Lee H, Lee KD, Jeong JH, Park SY (2013) Target delivery and cell imaging using hyaluronic acid-functionalized graphene quantum dots. Mol Pharm 10(10):3736–3744. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp400219u
Amirunnesa SK, Akter K, Shipa SMS, Rahmatullah M (2018) Folk medicinal practices in Keraniganj Upazila, Dhaka district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 6:89–91. https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue1/PartB/5-6-38-816.pdf
An JM, Shahriar SMS, Hwang YH, Hwang SR, Lee DY, Cho S, Lee Y (2021a) Oral delivery of parathyroid hormone using a triple-padlock nanocarrier for osteoporosis via an enterohepatic circulation pathway. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c22170
An JM, Shahriar SMS, Hasan MN, Cho S, Lee Y (2021b) Carboxymethyl cellulose, pluronic, and pullulan-based compositions efficiently enhance antiadhesion and tissue regeneration properties without using any drug molecules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:15992–16006. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21938
Bak S, Kim D, Lee H (2016) Graphene quantum dots and their possible energy applications: a review. Curr Appl Phys 16:1192–1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.03.026
Bhatnagar D, Kumar V, Kumar A, Kaur I (2016) Graphene quantum dots FRET based sensor for early detection of heart attack in human. Biosens Bioelectron 79:495–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.083
Casals E, Gusta MF, Cobaleda-Siles M, Garcia-Sanz A, Puntes VF (2017) Cancer resistance to treatment and antiresistance tools offered by multimodal multifunctional nanoparticles. Cancer Nanotechnol 8:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-017-0030-4
Cayuela A, Soriano ML, Carrillo-Carrión C, Valcárcel M (2016) Semiconductor and carbon-based fluorescent nanodots: the need for consistency. Chem Commun 52:1311–1326. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC07754K
Chen K-Y, Hsieh C-C, Cheng Y-M, Lai C-H, Chou P-T, Chow TJ (2006) Tuning excited-state electron transfer from an adiabatic to nonadiabatic type in donor−bridge−acceptor systems and the associated energy-transfer process. J Phys Chem A 110:12136–12144. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp063038s
Chen F, Gao W, Qiu X, Zhang H, Liu L, Liao P, Fu W, Luo Y (2017) Graphene quantum dots in biomedical applications: recent advances and future challenges. Front Lab Med 1:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flm.2017.12.006
Chen F, Jin X, Jia D, Cao Y, Duan H, Long M (2020) Efficient treament of organic pollutants over CdS/graphene composites photocatalysts. Appl Surf Sci 504:144422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144422
Cherian R, Sreejith R, Syama S, Sruthi S, Gayathri TM, Sakthikumar D (2014) Evaluation of toxicity of Maura reduced graphene oxide using in vitro systems. J Nanomed Nanotechnol 05. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000200
Cherukula K, Nurunnabi M, Jeong YY, Lee YK, Park IK (2018) A targeted graphene nanoplatform carrying histamine dihydrochloride for effective inhibition of leukemia-induced immunosuppression. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2017.1390382
Chhabra VA, Kaur R, Kumar N, Deep A, Rajesh C, Kim K-H (2018) Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of functionalized graphene quantum dots with diverse fluorescence characteristics. RSC Adv 8:11446–11454. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA01148F
Chong Y, Ma Y, Shen H, Tu X, Zhou X, Xu J, Dai J, Fan S, Zhang Z (2014) The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of graphene quantum dots. Biomaterials 35(19):5041–5048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.021
Connelly LS, Meckes B, Larkin J, Gillman AL, Wanunu M, Lal R (2014) Graphene nanopore support system for simultaneous high-resolution AFM imaging and conductance measurements. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:5290–5296. https://doi.org/10.1021/am500639q
Córdova Wong BJ, Xu D, Bao S-S, Zheng L-M, Lei J (2019) Hofmann metal–organic framework monolayer nanosheets as an axial coordination platform for biosensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:12986–12992. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00693
Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN (2004) Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0347334
Feng Q, Cao Q, Li M, Liu F, Tang N, Du Y (2013) Synthesis and photoluminescence of fluorinated graphene quantum dots. Appl Phys Lett 102:013111. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4774264
Fu G, Zhu L, Yang K, Zhuang R, Xie J, Zhang F (2016) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for therapy response monitoring and early treatment prediction of photothermal therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:5137–5147. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11936
Gholampour A, Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M, Tran DNH, Ozbakkaloglu T, Losic D (2017) From graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide: impact on the physiochemical and mechanical properties of graphene–cement composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:43275–43286. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16736
Ghosh NK, Tanzin F, Manjur F, Rizwan F, Khanam M, Shahriar SMS (2018) Antipyretic effect of oral versus rectal acetaminophen in children - a randomized comparative study. World J Pharm Res 7:1722–1734. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20187-11685
Goh B-M, Wang Y, Reddy MV, Ding YL, Lu L, Bunker C, Loh KP (2014) Filling the voids of graphene foam with graphene “eggshell” for improved lithium-ion storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:9835–9841. https://doi.org/10.1021/am5022655
Guo X, Wang C-F, Yu Z-Y, Chen L, Chen S (2012) Facile access to versatile fluorescent carbon dots toward light-emitting diodes. Chem Commun 48:2692. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc17769b
Guo J, Mei T, Li Y, Hafezi M, Lu H, Li J, Dong G (2018) One-pot synthesis and lubricity of fluorescent carbon dots applied on PCL-PEG-PCL hydrogel. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 29:1549–1565. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205063.2018.1470736
Hasan MN, Shahriar SMS (2018) Oral vaccines-types, delivery strategies, current and future perspectives. Biomed J Sci Tech Res 11:8398–8404. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002075
Hasan MN, Shahriar SMS, Rabbi MF, Sammy LA, Jahan D, Hossen ME, Shah M-R, Islam M-R (2018) Nanoparticles and their utilization in cancer detection and treatment. Sch J Appl Sci Res 1:65–75. Direct Link: https://www.innovationinfo.org/Scholar-Journal-of-Applied-Sciences-and-Research/article/Nanoparticles-and-Their-Utilization-in-Cancer-Detection-and-Treatment#fulltext
Hasan MN, Hwang YH, An JM, Shahriar SMS, Cho S, Lee Y (2020) Oral GLP1 gene delivery by an antibody-guided nanomaterial to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c09814
Hasan MN, Shahriar SMS, Mondal J, Nurunnabi M, Lee Y (2021) Bioinspired and biomimetic materials for oral drug delivery. In: Nurunnabi M (ed) Bioinspired and biomimetic materials for drug delivery. Elsevier, pp 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821352-0.00001-0
Hu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Cui J, Huang Z, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang H, Xiao Y, Rong J (2013) One-step preparation of nitrogen-doped graphenequantum dots from oxidized debris of graphene oxide. J Mater Chem B 1:39–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2TB00189F
Iannazzo D, Pistone A, Salamò M, Galvagno S, Romeo R, Giofré SV, Branca C, Visalli G, Di Pietro A (2017) Graphene quantum dots for cancer targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 518:185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.060
Joshi PN, Kundu S, Sanghi SK, Sarkar D (2016) Graphene quantum dots - from emergence to nanotheranostic applications. Smart Drug Deliv Syst 7:159–195. https://doi.org/10.5772/61932
Keegan J, O’Kennedy R, Crooks S, Elliott C, Brandon D, Danaher M (2011) Detection of benzimidazole carbamates and amino metabolites in liver by surface plasmon resonance-biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 700:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.041
Khan ZH (ed) (2017) Recent trends in nanomaterials. Springer Singapore, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3842-6
Khan AI, Kawser CA, Chakraborty B, Shahriar SMS (2018) Assessment of risk factors for obesity in selected school children aged 4-9 YEARS OLD. World J Pharm Res 7:39–51. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20186-10624
Khodadadei F, Safarian S, Ghanbari N (2017) Methotrexate-loaded nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots nanocarriers as an efficient anticancer drug delivery system. Mater Sci Eng C 79:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.049
Ko NR, Nafiujjaman M, Lee JS, Lim H-N, Lee Y-K, Kwon IK (2017) Graphene quantum dot-based theranostic agents for active targeting of breast cancer. RSC Adv 7:11420–11427. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA25949A
Lee J, Kim K, Park WI, Kim B-H, Park JH, Kim T-H, Bong S, Kim C-H, Chae G, Jun M, Hwang Y, Jung YS, Jeon S (2012) Uniform graphene quantum dots patterned from self-assembled silica nanodots. Nano Lett 12:6078–6083. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302520m
Li Y, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Shi G, Deng L, Hou Y, Qu L (2011) An electrochemical avenue to green-luminescent graphene quantum dots as potential electron-acceptors for photovoltaics. Adv Mater 23:776–780. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003819
Li L-L, Ji J, Fei R, Wang C-Z, Lu Q, Zhang J-R, Jiang L-P, Zhu J-J (2012a) A facile microwave avenue to electrochemiluminescent two-color graphene quantum dots. Adv Funct Mater 22:2971–2979. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200166
Li JL, Bao HC, Hou XL, Sun L, Wang XG, Gu M (2012b) Graphene oxide nanoparticles as a nonbleaching optical probe for two-photon luminescence imaging and cell therapy. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 51(8):1830–1834. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201106102
Li L, Wu G, Yang G, Peng J, Zhao J, Zhu J-J (2013) Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: current status and future perspectives. Nanoscale 5:4015. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33849e
Li X, Zhang S, Kulinich SA, Liu Y, Zeng H (2015) Engineering surface states of carbon dots to achieve controllable luminescence for solid-luminescent composites and sensitive Be2+ detection. Sci Rep 4:4976. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04976
Lin L, Rong M, Lu S, Song X, Zhong Y, Yan J, Wang Y, Chen X (2015) A facile synthesis of highly luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in aqueous solution. Nanoscale 7:1872–1878. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06365A
Liu R, Wu D, Feng X, Müllen K (2011) Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent graphene quantum dots with uniform morphology. J Am Chem Soc 133:15221–15223. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204953k
Liu J-J, Zhang X-L, Cong Z-X, Chen Z-T, Yang H-H, Chen G-N (2013) Glutathione-functionalized graphene quantum dots as selective fluorescent probes for phosphate-containing metabolites. Nanoscale 5:1810. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33794d
Liu H, Qiu J, Zhang R, Li J, Sang Y, Tang W, Rivera Gil P (2015) Fluorescent graphene quantum dots as traceable, pH-sensitive drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 6709. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S91864
Lu J, Yeo PSE, Gan CK, Wu P, Loh KP (2011) Transforming C60 molecules into graphene quantum dots. Nat Nanotechnol 6:247–252. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.30
Luo Z, Yang D, Qi G, Shang J, Yang H, Wang Y, Yuwen L, Yu T, Huang W, Wang L (2014) Microwave-assisted solvothermal preparation of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots hybrids for highly efficient oxygen reduction. J Mater Chem A 2:20605–20611. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05096G
Luo Y, Cai X, Li H, Lin Y, Du D (2016) Hyaluronic acid-modified multifunctional Q-graphene for targeted killing of drug-resistant lung cancer cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:4048–4055. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b11471
Luo C, Li Y, Guo L, Zhang F, Liu H, Zhang J, Zheng J, Zhang J, Guo S (2017) Graphene quantum dots downregulate multiple multidrug-resistant genes via interacting with their c-rich promoters. Adv Healthc Mater 6(21):1700328. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700328
Lv O, Tao Y, Qin Y, Chen C, Pan Y, Deng L, Liu L, Kong Y (2016) Highly fluorescent and morphology-controllable graphene quantum dots-chitosan hybrid xerogels for in vivo imaging and pH-sensitive drug carrier. Mater Sci Eng C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.031
Malekzad H, Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N, Jouyban A (2017) Highly sensitive immunosensing of prostate specific antigen using poly cysteine caped by graphene quantum dots and gold nanoparticle: a novel signal amplification strategy. Int J Biol Macromol 105:522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.069
Markovic ZM, Ristic BZ, Arsikin KM, Klisic DG, Harhaji-Trajkovic LM, Todorovic-Markovic BM, Kepic DP, Kravic-Stevovic TK, Jovanovic SP, Milenkovic MM, Milivojevic DD, Bumbasirevic VZ, Dramicanin MD, Trajkovic VS (2012) Graphene quantum dots as autophagy-inducing photodynamic agents. Biomaterials 33(29):7084–7092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.060
Miao P, Han K, Tang Y, Wang B, Lin T, Cheng W (2015) Recent advances in carbon nanodots: synthesis, properties and biomedical applications. Nanoscale 7:1586–1595. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR05712K
Nafiujjaman M, Kim J, Park HK, Lee YK (2018) Preparation of blue-color-emitting graphene quantum dots and their in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation. J Ind Eng Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.019
Nafiujjaman M, Shahriar SMS, Hasan MN (2021) Bile acid-inspired oral small molecules drug delivery. In: Nurunnabi M (ed) Bioinspired and biomimetic materials for drug delivery. Elsevier, pp 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821352-0.00017-4
Nakano H, Tetsuka H, Spencer MJS, Morishita T (2018) Chemical modification of group IV graphene analogs. Sci Technol Adv Mater 19:76–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2017.1422224
Nigam P, Waghmode S, Louis M, Wangnoo S, Chavan P, Sarkar D (2014) Graphene quantum dots conjugated albumin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of pancreatic cancer. J Mater Chem B 2:3190–3195. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00015C
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science (80-.) 306:666–669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896
Nurunnabi M, Shahriar SMS (2021) Bioinspired and biomimetic materials for drug delivery, 1st edn. Woodhead Publishing. https://www.elsevier.com/books/bioinspired-and-biomimetic-materials-for-drug-delivery/nurunnabi/978-0-12-821352-0
Oh B, Lee CH (2016) Development of thiolated-graphene quantum dots for regulation of ROS in macrophages. Pharm Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-2000-7
Pan D, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu M (2010) Hydrothermal route for cutting graphene sheets into blue-luminescent graphene quantum dots. Adv Mater 22:734–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200902825
Pan D, Guo L, Zhang J, Xi C, Xue Q, Huang H, Li J, Zhang Z, Yu W, Chen Z, Li Z, Wu M (2012) Cutting sp2 clusters in graphene sheets into colloidal graphene quantum dots with strong green fluorescence. J Mater Chem 22:3314. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16005f
Pan CL, Chen MH, Tung FI, Liu TY (2017) A nanovehicle developed for treating deep-seated bacteria using low-dose X-ray. Acta Biomater 47:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.003
Paulo S, Palomares E, Martinez-Ferrero E (2016) Graphene and carbon quantum dot-based materials in photovoltaic devices: from synthesis to applications. Nano 6:157. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6090157
Peng J, Gao W, Gupta BK, Liu Z, Romero-Aburto R, Ge L, Song L, Alemany LB, Zhan X, Gao G, Vithayathil SA, Kaipparettu BA, Marti AA, Hayashi T, Zhu J-J, Ajayan PM (2012) Graphene quantum dots derived from carbon fibers. Nano Lett 12:844–849. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2038979
Ponomarenko LA, Schedin F, Katsnelson MI, Yang R, Hill EW, Novoselov KS, Geim AK (2008) Chaotic dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots. Science (80-. ) 320:356–358. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154663
Razalli RL, Abdi MM, Tahir PM, Moradbak A, Sulaiman Y, Heng LY (2017) Polyaniline-modified nanocellulose prepared from semantan bamboo by chemical polymerization: preparation and characterization. RSC Adv 7:25191–25198. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA03379F
Shahriar SMS (2018) siRNA-based nanoparticles: a novel approach for gene silencing to enhance cancer therapy. World J Pharm Res 7:149–165. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr201815-11778
Shahriar SMS, Rahmatullah M (2015a) Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity of a polyherbal formulation Diabeto-VLC. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:191–198. https://www.wjpps.com/Wjpps_controller/abstract_id/4356
Shahriar SMS, Rahmatullah M (2015b) Oral glucose tolerance tests in mice with a polyherbal formulation Diabeto-MLF. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:199–206. https://www.wjpps.com/Wjpps_controller/abstract_id/4357
Shahriar SMS, Shoma JF, Rahmatullah M (2017) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with whole plants of Alocasia fronicata Roxb. (Araceae). World J Pharm Res 6:48–53. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr201712-9719
Shahriar SMS, Sammy LA, Rabbi MF, Bhuiyan B, Rahman MA, Nafiujjaman M (2018) First time reported in vitro pharmacological activity of Heliconia rostrata (Heliconiaceae) revealed its potency in pain management over a standard analgesic drug. Biol Eng Med 3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.15761/BEM.1000159
Shahriar S, Mondal J, Hasan M, Revuri V, Lee D, Lee Y-K (2019) Electrospinning nanofibers for therapeutics delivery. Nano 9:532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040532
Shahriar SMS, An JM, Hasan MN, Surwase SS, Kim Y-C, Lee DY, Cho S, Lee Y (2021a) Plasmid DNA nanoparticles for nonviral oral gene therapy. Nano Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00832
Shahriar SMS, Hasan MN, Nurunnabi M, Lee Y (2021b) Bile acid transporter as a bioinspired method for oral therapeutics delivery system. In: Nurunnabi M (ed) Bioinspired and biomimetic materials for drug delivery. Elsevier, pp 105–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821352-0.00008-3
Shi J, Kantoff PW, Wooster R, Farokhzad OC (2017) Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 17:20–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.108
Shin Y, Park J, Hyun D, Yang J, Lee J-H, Kim J-H, Lee H (2015) Acid-free and oxone oxidant-assisted solvothermal synthesis of graphene quantum dots using various natural carbon materials as resources. Nanoscale 7:5633–5637. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR00814J
Shinde DB, Pillai VK (2012) Electrochemical preparation of luminescent graphene quantum dots from multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chem A Eur J 18:12522–12528. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201043
Shinde DB, Vishal VM, Kurungot S, Pillai VK (2015) Electrochemical preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and their size-dependent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Bull Mater Sci 38:435–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-014-0834-3
Shipa A, Koli S, Akter K, Shahriar SMS, Rahmatullah M (2018) Phytotherapeutic practices of a folk medicinal practitioner in Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 6:240–242. https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/?year=2018&vol=6&issue=1&part=D&ArticleId=772
Singh S, Nalwa HS (2007) Nanotechnology and health safety – toxicity and risk assessments of nanostructured materials on human health. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7:3048–3070. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.922
Singh R, Nalwa HS (2011) Medical applications of nanoparticles in biological imaging, cell labeling, antimicrobial agents, and anticancer nanodrugs. J Biomed Nanotechnol 7(4):489–503. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2011.1324
Singh E, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS (2017) Flexible graphene-based wearable gas and chemical sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:34544–34586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b07063
Su X, Chan C, Shi J, Tsang M-K, Pan Y, Cheng C, Gerile O, Yang M (2017) A graphene quantum dot@Fe3O4 @SiO2 based nanoprobe for drug delivery sensing and dual-modal fluorescence and MRI imaging in cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 92:489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.076
Sui X, Luo C, Wang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Guo S (2016) Graphene quantum dots enhance anticancer activity of cisplatin via increasing its cellular and nuclear uptake. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 12:1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.03.010
Sun Y-P, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KAS, Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Harruff BA, Wang X, Wang H, Luo PG, Yang H, Kose ME, Chen B, Veca LM, Xie S-Y (2006) Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 128:7756–7757. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja062677d
Tan X, Li Y, Li X, Zhou S, Fan L, Yang S (2015) Electrochemical synthesis of small-sized red fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a bioimaging platform. Chem Commun 51:2544–2546. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC09332A
Tang L, Ji R, Cao X, Lin J, Jiang H, Li X, Teng KS, Luk CM, Zeng S, Hao J, Lau SP (2012) Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence of water-soluble self-passivated graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 6:5102–5110. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn300760g
Teradal NL, Jelinek R (2017) Carbon nanomaterials in biological studies and biomedicine. Adv Healthc Mater 6:1700574. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700574
Tetsuka H, Asahi R, Nagoya A, Okamoto K, Tajima I, Ohta R, Okamoto A (2012) Optically tunable amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots. Adv Mater 24:5333–5338. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201930
Thakur M, Mewada A, Pandey S, Bhori M, Singh K, Sharon M, Sharon M (2016) Milk-derived multi-fluorescent graphene quantum dot-based cancer theranostic system. Mater Sci Eng C 67:468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.007
Tian R, Zhong S, Wu J, Jiang W, Shen Y, Jiang W, Wang T (2016) Solvothermal method to prepare graphene quantum dots by hydrogen peroxide. Opt Mater (Amst) 60:204–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2016.07.032
Tong X, Wei Q, Zhan X, Zhang G, Sun S (2016) The new graphene family materials: synthesis and applications in oxygen reduction reaction. Catalysts 7:1. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7010001
Wang C, Wu C, Zhou X, Han T, Xin X, Wu J, Zhang J, Guo S (2013) Enhancing cell nucleus accumulation and DNA cleavage activity of anti-cancer drug via graphene quantum dots. Sci Rep 3:2852. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02852
Wang L, Wang Y, Xu T, Liao H, Yao C, Liu Y, Li Z, Chen Z, Pan D, Sun L, Wu M (2014a) Gram-scale synthesis of single-crystalline graphene quantum dots with superior optical properties. Nat Commun 5:5357. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6357
Wang C, Yang S, Yi M, Liu C, Wang Y, Li J, Li Y, Yang R (2014b) Graphene oxide assisted fluorescent chemodosimeter for high-performance sensing and bioimaging of fluoride ions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:9768–9775. https://doi.org/10.1021/am502142d
Wang X, Sun X, Lao J, He H, Cheng T, Wang M, Wang S, Huang F (2014c) Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for simultaneous targeted cellular imaging and drug delivery. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 122:638–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.043
Wang D, Zhu L, Chen JF, Dai L (2015a) Can graphene quantum dots cause DNA damage in cells? Nanoscale 7(21):9894–9901. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr01734c
Wang ZG, Zhou R, Jiang D, Song JE, Xu Q, Si J, Chen YP, Zhou X, Gan L, Li JZ, Zhang H, Liu B (2015b) Toxicity of graphene quantum dots in zebrafish embryo. Biomed Environ Sci 28(5):341–351. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.048
Wang S, Cole IS, Li Q (2016) The toxicity of graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 6:89867–89878. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA16516H
Wang Z, Colombi Ciacchi L, Wei G (2017) Recent advances in the synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials for controlled drug delivery. Appl Sci 7:1175. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111175
Wo F, Xu R, Shao Y, Zhang Z, Chu M, Shi D, Liu S (2016) A multimodal system with synergistic effects of magneto-mechanical, photothermal, photodynamic and chemo therapies of cancer in graphene-quantum dot-coated hollow magnetic nanospheres. Theranostics 6:485–500. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.13411
Wu X, Tian F, Wang W, Chen J, Wu M, Zhao JX (2013) Fabrication of highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots using l-glutamic acid for in vitro/in vivo imaging and sensing. J Mater Chem C 1:4676. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tc30820k
Xiao S, Zhou D, Luan P, Gu B, Feng L, Fan S, Liao W, Fang W, Yang L, Tao E, Guo R, Liu J (2016) Graphene quantum dots conjugated neuroprotective peptide improve learning and memory capability. Biomaterials 106:98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.021
Xu G, Mahajan S, Roy I, Yong K-T (2013) Theranostic quantum dots for crossing blood–brain barrier in vitro and providing therapy of HIV-associated encephalopathy. Front Pharmacol 4:140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00140
Yan Z, Xue H, Berning K, Lam Y-W, Lee C-S (2014) Identification of multifunctional graphene–gold nanocomposite for environment-friendly enriching, separating, and detecting Hg 2+ simultaneously. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:22761–22768. https://doi.org/10.1021/am506875t
Yang Y, Chen S, Liu L, Li S, Zeng Q, Zhao X, Li H, Zhang Z, Bouchard L-S, Liu M, Zhou X (2017) Increasing cancer therapy efficiency through targeting and localized light activation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:23400–23408. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05463
Yao X, Tian Z, Liu J, Zhu Y, Hanagata N (2017) Mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with graphene quantum dots for potential chemo–photothermal synergistic cancer therapy. Langmuir 33:591–599. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04189
Ye R, Xiang C, Lin J, Peng Z, Huang K, Yan Z, Cook NP, Samuel ELG, Hwang C-C, Ruan G, Ceriotti G, Raji A-RO, Martí AA, Tour JM (2013) Coal as an abundant source of graphene quantum dots. Nat Commun 4:2943. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3943
Yuan X, Liu Z, Guo Z, Ji Y, Jin M, Wang X (2014) Cellular distribution and cytotoxicity of graphene quantum dots with different functional groups. Nanoscale Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-9-108
Zahan T, Ahmed I, Omi SI, Naher K, Islam S, Bin Mahmud ASMSH, Sultana S, Shahriar SMS, Khatun Z, Rahmatullah M (2013) Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants by the Tudu sub-clan of the Santal tribe in Joypurhat district of Bangladesh. Am J Sustain Agric 7:137–142. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289748985_Ethnobotanical_uses_of_medicinal_plants_by_the_Tudu_subclan_of_the_Santal_tribe_in_Joypurhat_district_of_Bangladesh
Zhang M, Bai L, Shang W, Xie W, Ma H, Fu Y, Fang D, Sun H, Fan L, Han M, Liu C, Yang S (2012a) Facile synthesis of water-soluble, highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots as a robust biological label for stem cells. J Mater Chem 22:7461. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16835a
Zhang Z, Zhang J, Chen N, Qu L (2012b) Graphene quantum dots: an emerging material for energy-related applications and beyond. Energy Environ Sci 5:8869. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22982j
Zhao H, Ding R, Zhao X, Li Y, Qu L, Pei H, Yildirimer L, Wu Z, Zhang W (2017) Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug and/or gene delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Drug Discov Today 22:1302–1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.002
Zhao S, Lavie J, Rondin L, Orcin-Chaix L, Diederichs C, Roussignol P, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C, Müllen K, Narita A, Campidelli S, Lauret J-S (2018) Single photon emission from graphene quantum dots at room temperature. Nat Commun 9:3470. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05888-w
Zheng FF, Zhang PH, Xi Y, Chen JJ, Li LL, Zhu JJ (2015) Aptamer/graphene quantum dots nanocomposite capped fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery and real-time monitoring of drug release. Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03131
Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wu X, Yang Y, Zheng B, Wu H, Guo S, Zhang J (2012) Photo-Fenton reaction of graphene oxide: a new strategy to prepare graphene quantum dots for DNA cleavage. ACS Nano 6(8):6592–6599. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn301629v
Zhou Y, Peng Z, Seven ES, Leblanc RM (2018) Crossing the blood-brain barrier with nanoparticles. J Control Release 270:290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.12.015
Zhu S, Zhang J, Qiao C, Tang S, Li Y, Yuan W, Li B, Tian L, Liu F, Hu R, Gao H, Wei H, Zhang H, Sun H, Yang B (2011) Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications. Chem Commun 47:6858. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc11122a
Zhu S, Zhang J, Liu X, Li B, Wang X, Tang S, Meng Q, Li Y, Shi C, Hu R, Yang B (2012) Graphene quantum dots with controllable surface oxidation, tunable fluorescence and up-conversion emission. RSC Adv 2:2717. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20182h
Zhu R-Y, He J, Wang X-C, Yu J-Q (2014) Ligand-promoted alkylation of C(sp 3 )–H and C(sp 2 )–H bonds. J Am Chem Soc 136:13194–13197. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja508165a
Zhu Y, Wang G, Jiang H, Chen L, Zhang X (2015) One-step ultrasonic synthesis of graphene quantum dots with high quantum yield and their application in sensing alkaline phosphatase. Chem Commun 51:948–951. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC07449A
Zhu J, Tang Y, Wang G, Mao J, Liu Z, Sun T, Wang M, Chen D, Yang Y, Li J, Deng Y, Yang S (2017) Green, rapid, and universal preparation approach of graphene quantum dots under ultraviolet irradiation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:14470–14477. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11525
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (no. 2019R1A4A1024116, 2020R1I1A1A01058267, and 2021R1A6A1A03046418).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shahriar, S.M.S. et al. (2022). Graphene: A Promising Theranostic Agent. In: Han, DW., Hong, S.W. (eds) Multifaceted Biomedical Applications of Graphene. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1351. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-4922-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-4923-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)