Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of Optimal Corrected PTa Interval Formula for Different Heart Rates

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Proceedings of the International e-Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 1370))

  • 579 Accesses

Abstract

The standard 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) system is the most commonly used technique for obtaining the electrocardiographic signal to evaluate the heart’s electrical activity. In the surface ECG, atrial repolarization (Ta wave) is not observed. However, during the exercise stress test, ST-segment depression validates the existence of Ta wave.To record the Ta wave and enhance atrial depolarization (P wave) in Sinus Rhythm (SR) ECG, Modified Limb Lead (MLL) system is used. PTa Interval (PTaI) represents the duration from the beginning of P wave to the end of Ta wave. This study aims to develop a corrected PTaI (PTac) formula to correct the PTaI from MLL ECGs for different heart rates. ECGs were recorded from 35 volunteers in SR and Sinus Tachycardia (ST) condition of mean age 24 ± 5 years using EDAN PC ECG system. Regression analysis was implemented on the recorded data to derive the slope for PP Interval (PPI) vs. PTaI plots in both groups. In SR group, PPI correlated well with PTaI (r = 0.48) compared to the ST group (r = 0.17). A new corrected PTaI (\({\text{PTa}}_{\text{c}} {\text{N}}\)) formula was developed from the slope values of SR and ST and compared with the previously developed PTac formula. The developed PTac formula of this study showed accurate results with the least slope in different heart rates. Implementation of new PTac formula in automatic algorithms further improves the clinical diagnosis related to atrial ECG components.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K.L. Briggs, A digital approach to cardiac cycle. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 13, 454–456 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/51.310982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. H.B. Sprague, P.D. White, Clinical observations on the T wave of the auricle appearing in the human electrocardiogram. J. Clin. Invest. 1, 389–402 (1925). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci100020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. D.I. Abramson, N.M. Fenichel, C. Shookhoff, A study of electrical activity in the auricles. Am. Heart J. 15, 471–481 (1938). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8703(38)90301-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. T. Joao, A. Victor, O. De Martin, Atrial repolarization-its importance in clinical electrocardiography. Circulation 22, 635–644 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.22.4.635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. H. Hayashi, M. Okajima, K. Yamada, Atrial T (Ta) wave and atrial gradient in patients with A-V block. Am. Heart J. 91, 689–698 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8703(76)80533-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Langley, A. Murray, Analysis of the atrial repolarisation phase of the ECG in health and in atrial fibrillation. Comput. Cardiol. 34, 785–788 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/cic.2007.4745603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Z. Ihara, A. van Oosterom, R. Hoekema, Atrial repolarization as observable during the PQ interval. J. Electrocardiol. 39, 290–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2005.12.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Wang, Y. Rudy, Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) of normal human atrial repolarization. Heart Rhythm. 6, 582–583 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.07.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Jayaraman, V. Sangareddi, R. Periyasamy, J. Joseph, R.M. Shanmugam, Modified limb lead ECG system effects on electrocardiographic wave amplitudes and frontal plane axis in sinus rhythm subjects. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 17, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.6843 (2017)

  10. J. Sivaraman, G. Uma, M. Umapathy, A modified chest leads for minimization of ventricular activity in electrocardiograms, in IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, pp. 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/icobe.2012.6178959 (2012)

  11. J. Sivaraman, G. Uma, S. Venkatesan, M. Umapathy, M.S. Ravi, Unmasking of atrial repolarization waves using asimple modified limb lead system. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 15, 605–610 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2014.5695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Sivaraman, G. Uma, S. Venkatesan, M. Umapathy, V.E. Dhandapani, Normal limits of ECG measurements related to atrial activity using a modified limb lead system. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 15, 2–6 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2014.5155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Sivaraman, G. Uma, S. Venkatesan, M. Umapathy, N. Keshav kumar, A study on atrial Ta wave morphology inhealthy group: An approach using P wave signal-averaging method. J. Med. Imaging Health Inform. 4, 675–680 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2014.1306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Sivaraman, R. John, Effects of sinus rhythm on atrial ECG components using modified limb lead system, in 4th International Conference on Signal Processing Computing and Control, pp. 527–530. https://doi.org/10.1109/ispcc.2017.8269735 (2017)

  15. J. Sivaraman, G. Uma, P. Langley, M. Umapathy, A study on stability analysis of atrial repolarization variability using ARX model in sinus rhythm and atrial tachycardia ECGs. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 137, 341–351 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Jyothsana, B. Arya, J. Sivaraman, Stability analysis on the effects of heart rate variability and premature activation of atrial ECG dynamics using ARMAX model. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 43, 1361–1370 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-020-00940-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Schneider, G. Hommel, M. Blettner, Linear regression analysis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 107, 776–782 (2010). https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. N.M.G. Debbas, S.H.D. Jackson, D. De Jonghe, A. Robert, A.J. Camm, Human atrial repolarization: Effects ofsinus rate, pacing and drugs on the surface electrocardiogram. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33, 358–365 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00580-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support from the Ministry of Education, Government of India. The present study was supported by financial grants from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India (EEQ/2019/000148).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bio-signals and Medical Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India

    Shaik Karimulla, Arya Bhardwaj, J. Sivaraman & B. Dhananjay

Authors
  1. Shaik Karimulla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arya Bhardwaj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Sivaraman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. Dhananjay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Sivaraman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication, G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India

    Falgun Thakkar

  2. Department of Electronics and Communication, G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India

    Geetali Saha

  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Celia Shahnaz

  4. Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Yu-Chen Hu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Karimulla, S., Bhardwaj, A., Sivaraman, J., Dhananjay, B. (2022). Development of Optimal Corrected PTa Interval Formula for Different Heart Rates. In: Thakkar, F., Saha, G., Shahnaz, C., Hu, YC. (eds) Proceedings of the International e-Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1370. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2123-9_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation