Skip to main content

Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) Tourism Decisions Within Collective Cultures: Insights from Taiwanese Hosts Residing in Brisbane, Australia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism

Part of the book series: Perspectives on Asian Tourism ((PAT))

  • 979 Accesses

Abstract

Academic interest in Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) tourism began during the 1990s, and yet, almost three decades have passed but the field remains one that is highly under-researched. Additionally, there is a scarcity of literature related to VFR tourism within an Asian context. This is somewhat surprising, given that Asian travellers have identified VFR tourism as a common reason for travel. This chapter seeks to elucidate further insights on the VFR tourism phenomena from Taiwanese perspectives touring around Brisbane, Australia. Findings from 94 Taiwanese VFR hosts highlight the manner in which VFR tourism decisions take into consideration the role of collective cultures. The influence posed by collective cultures provides a useful basis to unpack the specific actions taken by the VFR hosts over the duration of their travel experience. Outcomes of the research can likewise guide managerial practices in terms of how to customise suitable itineraries in support of memorable VFR tourism experiences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acharya, D., Bell, J., Simkhada, P., Teijlingen, E., & Regmi, P. (2010). Women’s autonomy in household decision-making: A demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive Health, 7(1), 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amadeus (2013). Shaping the future of travel in Australia, viewed 8 November 2016, http://www.amadeusapac.com/cmcapac/APACWhitepapers/downloads/Shaping_the_future_of_travel_in_APAC_AUSTRALIA.pdf

  • Aramberri, J. (2001). The host should get lost: Paradigms in the tourism theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 738–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asiedu, A. (2008). Participants’ characteristics and economic benefits of visiting friends and relatives (VFR) tourism – An international survey of the literature with implications for Ghana. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(6), 609–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atfield, C. (2016). EVA Air to increase its Brisbane services to Taipei, viewed 8 November 2016, http://www.smh.com.au/business/aviation/eva-air-to-increase-its-brisbane-services-to-taipei-20160606-gpcd5f.html

  • Backer, E. (2007). VFR travel: An examination of the expenditures of VFR travelers and their hosts. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(4), 366–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backer, E. (2008). VFR travelers – Visiting the destination or visiting the hosts? Asian Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(1), 60–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backer, E. (2010). Opportunities for commercial accommodation in VFR travel. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4), 334–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backer, E. (2012). VFR travel: It is underestimated. Tourism Management, 33(1), 74–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backer, E., & King, B. (2016). VFR traveller demographics: The social tourism dimension. International Journal of Tourism Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766716665439.

  • Backer, E., Leisch, F., & Dolnicar, S. (2017, June). Visiting friends or relatives? Tourism Management, 60, 56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belk, R. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff, E., & Koenig-Lewis, N. (2007). VFR tourism: The importance of university students as hosts. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(6), 465–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bulbeck, C. (2005). The mighty pillar of the family: Young people’s vocabularies on household gender arrangements in the Asia-Pacific region. Gender, Work & Organization, 12(1), 14–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y. (2006). Coming of age of the Chinese tourists: The emergence of non-Western tourism and host-guest interactions in Vietnam’s border tourism. Tourist Studies, 6(3), 187–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, L., & Hsu, J. (2005). Locational decisions and residential preferences of Taiwanese immigrants in Australia. GeoJournal, 64(1), 75–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, S., & Chuang, H. (2016). Employability and wage compensation in an Asian economy: Evidence for female college graduates in Taiwan. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(4), 853–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crotts, J., & Erdmann, R. (2000). Does national culture influence consumers’ evaluation of travel services? A test of Hofstede’s model of cross-cultural differences. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10(6), 410–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, W. (1996). Asian values, education and development. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 26(3), 287–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, J. (2014). Campaign: Fiji Airways’ ‘Home away from home’, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.bandt.com.au/marketing/campaign-fiji-airways-home-away-home

  • Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP). (2014). Community information summary – Taiwan born, viewed 8 November, 2016. https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/taiwan.pdf

  • Dwyer, L., Seetaram, N., Forsyth, P., & King, B. (2014, May). Is the migration-tourism relationship only about VFR? Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 130–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etemaddar, M., Duncan, T., & Tucker, H. (2016). Experiencing ‘moments of home’ through diaspora tourism and travel. Tourism Geographies, 18(5), 503–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, J., & Han, W. (2010). Maternity leave in Taiwan. Family Relations, 59(3), 297–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, K., & Page, S. (2000). An exploratory study of the tourism, migration–immigration nexus: Travel experiences of Chinese residents in New Zealand. Current Issues in Tourism, 3(3), 246–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, D. (2014). Qantas launches codeshare partnership with China Airlines, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.ausbt.com.au/qantas-launches-codeshare-partnership-with-china-airlines

  • Forrest, J., Johnston, R., & Poulsen, M. (2014). Ethnic capital and assimilation to the great Australian (Homeownership) dream: The early housing experience of Australia’s skilled immigrants. Australian Geographer, 45(2), 109–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, J. (2014). Qantas launches ‘Feels like home’ ad campaign, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.smh.com.au/business/aviation/qantas-launches-feels-like-home-ad-campaign-20141107-11ij4l.html

  • Griffin, T., & Nunkoo, R. (2016). Paid accommodation use of international VFR multi-destination travellers. Tourism Review, 71(2), 90–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, I., & Yonelinas, A. (2016). Distinguishing between the success and precision of recollection. Memory, 24(1), 114–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, A., & Tsai, C. (2009). Does national culture really matter? Hotel service perceptions by Taiwan and American tourists. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(1), 54–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, W., Ramshaw, G., & Norman, W. (2016). Homecoming or tourism? Diaspora tourism experience of second-generation immigrants. Tourism Geographies, 18(1), 59–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, K., Xiao, H., & Yang, X. (2013, June). Why immigrants travel to their home places: Social capital and acculturation perspective. Tourism Management, 36, 304–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ip, D. (2001, December). A decade of Taiwanese migrant settlement in Australia: Comparisons with mainland Chinese and Hong Kong settlers. Journal of Population Studies, 23, 113–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irby, L. (2016). How old do you have to be to get a credit card? viewed 9 November, 2016. https://www.thebalance.com/how-old-do-you-have-to-be-to-get-a-credit-card-960208

  • James, P. (2007). Reframing the nation-state: Rethinking the Australian dream from the local to the global. Futures, 39(2-3), 169–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janta, H., Cohen, S., & Williams, A. (2015). Rethinking visiting friends and relatives mobilities. Population, Space and Place, 21(7), 585–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayat, K., Sharif, N., & Karnchanan, P. (2013). Individual and collective impacts and residents’ perceptions of tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(4), 640–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khoo-Lattimore, C., Prayag, G., & Cheah, B. (2015). Kids on board: Exploring the choice process and vacation needs of Asian parents with young children in resort hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(5), 511–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, J., Urry, J., & Axhausen, K. (2007). Networks and tourism: Mobile second life. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 244–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y. (2000). Qualitative measurement of immediately recalled tourist experience: Introduction and evaluations of the self-initiated-tape-recording method. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 1(1), 51–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Meng, F., & Uysal, M. (2008). ‘Spatial pattern of tourist flows among the Asia-Pacific countries: An examination over a decade. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13(3), 229–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L., & Ho, Y. (2009). Confucian dynamism, culture and ethical changes in Chinese societies – A comparative study of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(11), 2402–2417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L., Horng, J., Chen, Y., & Tsai, C. (2011). Factors affecting hotel human resource demand in Taiwan. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 312–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). The role of Chinese students as tourists and hosts for overseas travel. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 445–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., Lu, Y., Liang, Q., & Wei, E. (2010). Moderating effect of cultural values on decision making of gift-giving from a perspective of self-congruity theory: An empirical study from Chinese context. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27(7), 604–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lockyer, T., & Ryan, C. (2007). Visiting friends and relatives – Distinguishing between the two groups: The case of Hamilton, New Zealand. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(1), 59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, S., Shim, S., & Gehrt, K. (2003). A study of Japanese consumers’ cognitive hierarchies in formal and informal gift-giving situations. Psychology & Marketing, 20(1), 59–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschall, S. (2017, March). Transnational migrant home visits as identity practice: The case of African migrants in South Africa. Annals of Tourism Research, 63, 140–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKercher, B. (1996). Host involvement in VFR travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 701–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meng, F. (2010). Individualism/collectivism and group travel behavior: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 340–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. (2011). For Brisbane’s true Chinatown, look outside the Valley, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/for-brisbanes-true-chinatown-look-outside-the-valley-20110303-1bgf7.html

  • Moos, M., & Skaburskis, A. (2010). The globalization of urban housing markets: Immigration and changing housing demand in Vancouver. Urban Geography, 31(6), 724–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morais, D., Lin, C., & Hou, J. (2005). Center/periphery imbalance in tourism development: The case of Taiwan. Tourism Analysis, 9(4), 285–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mottiar, Z. (2016). Exploring the motivations of tourism social entrepreneurs: The role of a national tourism policy as a motivator for social entrepreneurial activity in Ireland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(6), 1137–1154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2005). The relationship between cultural characteristics and preference for active vs. passive tourist activities. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 12(4), 5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, C. (2017). Unpacking directions and spatial patterns of VFR travel mobilities in the global south: Insights from South Africa. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schanzel, H., & Smith, K. (2011). The absence of fatherhood: Achieving true gender scholarship in family tourism research. Annals of Leisure Research, 14(2–3), 143–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schanzel, H., Brocx, M., & Sadaraka, L. (2014). (Un)conditional hospitality: The host experience of the Polynesian community in Auckland. Hospitality & Society, 4(2), 135–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seetaram, N., Forsyth, P., & Dwyer, L. (2016, January). Measuring price elasticities of demand for outbound tourism using competitiveness indices. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 65–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shani, A., & Uriely, N. (2012). VFR tourism: The host experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 421–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanka, T., & Taylor, R. (2003). International student graduation ceremonies: An opportunity for local tourism services. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 8(2), 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siar, S. (2011). Skilled migration, knowledge transfer and development: The case of highly skilled Filipino migrants in New Zealand and Australia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(3), 61–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim, R. (2010). Rabbit eats Brisbane, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://rabbitsimsparadise.blogspot.com/2010/03/brisbane-little-taipei-foodcourt-yang.html

  • Sirgy, M., Grzeskowiak, S., & Su, C. (2005). Explaining housing preference and choice: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 20(4), 329–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stepchenkova, S., Shichkova, E., Kim, H., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2015). Segmenting the ‘Visiting friends and relatives’ travel market to a large urban destination: The case of Nizhni Novgorod, Russia. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), 235–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, K. (2001). Elder respect: Exploration of ideals and forms in east Asia. Journal of Aging Studies, 15(1), 13–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swallow, J. (2014). Influx of budget airlines likely to bring super-low fares for Australians flying to southeast Asia, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/travel/travel-news/influx-of-budget-airlines-likely-to-bring-superlow-fares-for-australians-flying-to-southeast-asia/story-fnjjv9zk-1226846212936

  • Taiwan Festival. (2016). Taiwan festival program, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://www.taiwanfestival.com.au/festival/taiwan-festival-program-2016/

  • Tolia-Kelly, D. (2004). Materializing post-colonial geographies: Examining the textural landscapes of migration in the South Asian home. Geoforum, 35(6), 675–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolkach, D., Chon, K., & Xiao, H. (2015). Asia Pacific tourism trends: Is the future ours to see? Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(10), 1071–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tourism and Events Queensland (TEQ). (2016). International tourism snapshot for year ending September 2016, viewed 8 November, 2016. https://cdn-teq.queensland.com/~/media/1e215b32e8bd47d4a3e3235d7d887118.ashx?la=en-au&vs=1&d=20170120T155229

  • Tourism Research Australia (TRA). (2015). International tourism statistics, viewed 8 November, 2016. http://tra.gov.au/documents/ivs/IVS_1_YE_Dec_2015.xlsx

  • Tsai, P. (2012). The transformation of leave policies for work-family balance in Taiwan. Asian Women, 28(2), 27–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, N. (2011). Dimensions of Chinese culture values in relation to service provision in hospitality and tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(3), 670–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Duim, R., Peters, K., & Wearing, S. (2005). Planning host and guest interactions: Moving beyond the empty ground in African encounters. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 286–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., & Tamis-Lemonda, C. (2003). Do child-rearing values in Taiwan and the United States reflect cultural values of collectivism and individualism? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(6), 629–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, K., Hsieh, A., Yeh, Y., & Tsai, C. (2004). Who is the decision-maker: The parents or the child in group package tours? Tourism Management, 25(2), 183–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside, A., Hsu, S., & Marshall, R. (2011). General theory of cultures’ consequences on international tourism behavior. Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 785–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, M. (2006). Hofstede’s cultural dimensions 30 years later: A study of Taiwan and the United States. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(1), 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, F., Morgan, M., & Song, P. (2009). Students’ travel behaviour: A cross-cultural comparison of UK and China. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(3), 255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., & Paladino, A. (2015). The case of wine: Understanding Chinese gift-giving behaviour. Marketing Letters, 26(3), 335–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C., Corsun, D., & Baloglu, S. (2007). A taxonomy of hosts visiting friends and relatives. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 497–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T., & Wen, W. (2003). Crisis communication in Chinese culture: A case study in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 13(2), 50–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuksel, A., Kilinc, U., & Yuksel, F. (2006). Cross-national analysis of hotel customers’ attitudes toward complaining and their complaining behaviours. Tourism Management, 27(1), 11–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yum, K. (1998, December). The impact of Confucianism on interpersonal relationships and communication patterns in east Asia. Communication Monographs, 55, 374–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zalatan, A. (1998). Wives involvement in tourism decision processes. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4), 890–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aaron Tham .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Tham, A., Raciti, M.M. (2018). Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) Tourism Decisions Within Collective Cultures: Insights from Taiwanese Hosts Residing in Brisbane, Australia. In: Yang, E., Khoo-Lattimore, C. (eds) Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism. Perspectives on Asian Tourism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7980-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics