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Vitamin A Absorption, Storage and Mobilization

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The Biochemistry of Retinoid Signaling II

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 81))

Abstract

It is well established that chylomicron remnant (dietary) vitamin A is taken up from the circulation by hepatocytes, but more than 80 % of the vitamin A in the liver is stored in hepatic stellate cells (HSC). It presently is not known how vitamin A is transferred from hepatocytes to HSCs for storage. Since retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein that is required for mobilizing stored vitamin A, is synthesized solely by hepatocytes and not HSCs, it similarly is not known how vitamin A is transferred from HSCs to hepatocytes. Although it has long been thought that RBP4 is absolutely essential for delivering vitamin A to tissues, recent research has proven that this notion is incorrect since total RBP4-deficiency is not lethal. In addition to RBP4, vitamin A is also found in the circulation bound to lipoproteins and as retinoic acid bound to albumin. It is not known how these different circulating pools of vitamin A contribute to the vitamin A needs of different tissues. In our view, better insight into these three issues is required to better understand vitamin A absorption, storage and mobilization. Here, we provide an up to date synthesis of current knowledge regarding the intestinal uptake of dietary vitamin A, the storage of vitamin A within the liver, and the mobilization of hepatic vitamin A stores, and summarize areas where our understanding of these processes is incomplete.

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Abbreviations

apoE:

apolipoprotein E

ARAT:

acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase

ATRA:

all-trans-retinoic acid

ATCA1:

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 1

BCO1:

β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase

BCO2:

β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase

CEL:

carboxyl ester lipase

DGAT1:

diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1

DGAT2:

diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2

HDL:

high density lipoprotein

HSC:

hepatic stellate cell

HSL:

hormone sensitive lipase

LDL:

low density lipoprotein

LpL:

lipoprotein lipase

LRAT:

lecithin:retinol acyltransferase

Lrat −/− :

lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-deficient

LRP:

low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein

PLRP2:

pancreatic lipase-related protein 2

PTL:

pancreatic triglyceride lipase

RBP1:

cellular retinol-binding protein, type I

Rbp1 −/− :

cellular retinol-binding protein, type I-deficient

RBP2:

cellular retinol-binding protein, type 2

RBP3:

interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein

RBP4:

retinol-binding protein

Rbp4 −/− :

retinol-binding protein-deficient

REH:

retinyl ester hydrolase

SR-B1:

scavenger receptor class B

siRNA:

small inhibitory RNA

STRA6:

stimulated by retinoic acid 6

TTR:

transthyretin

VLDL:

very low density lipoprotein.

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  1. Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 650 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA

    William S. Blaner, Yang Li, Pierre-Jacques Brun, Jason J. Yuen, Seung-Ah Lee & Robin D. Clugston

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  1. William S. Blaner
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Correspondence to William S. Blaner .

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  1. Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Mary Ann Asson-Batres

  2. Functional Genomics & Cancer, Institut de Genetique et de Department Functional Genomics & Cancer, Illkirch, France

    Cecile Rochette-Egly

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Blaner, W.S., Li, Y., Brun, PJ., Yuen, J.J., Lee, SA., Clugston, R.D. (2016). Vitamin A Absorption, Storage and Mobilization. In: Asson-Batres, M., Rochette-Egly, C. (eds) The Biochemistry of Retinoid Signaling II. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 81. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0945-1_4

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