Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Climate of Northeast Asia

  • Chapter
Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia

Part of the book series: Geobotany ((GEOB,volume 28))

Abstract

In addition to latitude, elevation, and the land-sea configuration, the Asian monsoon system is also a major control on climates, generating some of the unique features of the region. Except for polar, alpine, and some high-latitude steppe areas, Northeast Asia consists primarily of forest climates throughout. Northeast Asia, and indeed East Asia in general, show lower mean winter temperatures than in other parts of the world at the sane latitude. Extreme temperatures, however, do not fall far below winter means, either in Siberia (high latitude, long nights) or to the south (protective effect of at least somewhat east-west mountain ranges). Three main regions can be distinguished: boreal ultra-continental eastern Siberia, monsoonal continental China and Korea, and maritime Japan. The prospect of future climate change poses special problems for East Asia, due to the many obstacles to northward migration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agricultural division of China (Committee) 1984. (A scheme of natural divisions for China). Science Press, Beijing, 165 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alisov, B.P. 1954. Die Klimate der Erde (ohne das Gebiet der USSR). German translation of Russian original, 277 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arakawa, H. (ed.) 1969. Climates of northern and eastern Asia. World survey of climatology. Vol. 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 248 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asai, T. & Fukui, E. 1977. The short dry period in midsummer. In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 103–112. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, R.G. 1990. Ecoregions map of the continents (world map with explanatory supplement). Enviromn. Conserv. 16: 307–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boufford, D.E. & Spongberg, S. 1983. Eastern Asian-eastern North American phytogeographical relationships: A history from the time of Linnaeus to the twentieth century. Aim. Miss. Bot. Garden 70: 423–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E.O. 1986. Comparing the mountain vegetation of East Asia and eastern North America. hi: Hou, X.-Y. & Numata, M. ( eds. ), Proceedings of international symposium on mountain vegetation, pp. 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botanical Society of China, Beijing (see also Braun-Blanquetia 5: 22–29).

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E.O. 1988. Some similarities in the climates and vegetations of central Honshu and central eastern North America. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rubel (Zurich) 98: 141–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. O. 1995a. Factors determining distributions of tree species and plant functional types. Vegetatio 121: 10 1116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. O. 1995b. Climatic relationships of the forests of East and Southeast Asia. In: Box, E.O., Peet, R.K., Masuzawa, T., Yamada, I., Fujiwara, K. & Maycock, P.F. (eds.), Vegetation science in forestry: Global perspective based on forests ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia, pp. 23–55. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. 0. 1995c. Global potential natural vegetation: dynamic benchmark in the era of disruption. In: Murai, Sh. (ed.), Toward global planning of sustainable use of the Earth — Development of global eco-engineering, pp. 77–95. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. 0. 2000. Climate and climatology in Japan. In: Fujiwara, K. & Box, E.O. (eds.), A guidebook of post-symposium excursion in Japan, pp. 144–169. 43rd IAVS Committee, Yokohama

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. O., Poet, R. K., Masuzawa, T., Yamada, I., Fujiwara, K. & Maycock, P. F. (eds.) 1995. Vegetation sci ence in forestry: Global perspective based on forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. Handbook of Vegetation Science, vol. 12/1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 663 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. O., Song, Y.-Ch., Miyawaki, A. & Fujiwara, K. 1991. An evergreen broad-leaved forest in transitional eastern China. Bull. Inst. Env. Sci. Techn., Yokohama Nat. Univ., 17: 63–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, E. O., You H.-M. & Li D.-L. 2001. Climatic ultracontinentality and the abrupt boreal-nemoral forest boundary in northern Manchuria. In: Okuda, Sh. (ed.), Studies on the vegetation of alluvial plains, pp. 183200. Yokohama.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen L.-Zh. & Chang Hs.-Sh. (eds.) 1986. Proceedings of the international symposium on mountain vegetation. Botanical Society of China, Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • China Natural Geography Editorial Commission (eds.) 1984. China Natural Geography: Climate. Academia Sinica. Science Press, Beijing. 161 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • China Natural Geography Editorial Committee (eds.) 1983. China Natural Geography: Plant Geography. Academia Sinica. Science Press, Beijing. 129 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Central Meteorological Office 1979. Climate atlas of the People’s Republic of China. Cartographic Publ. House, Beijing. 226 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Editorial Group for Vegetation of Nei Mongol 1986. Vegetation of Nei Mongol. Science Press, Beijing. 884 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang J.-Y. 1988. Climate and distribution of vegetation in China. Thesis, Osaka City University, Osaka, 172 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forests of Jiangxi Editorial Committee 1986. Forests of Jiangxi. Jiangxi Publ. House of Sci. and Technology, Nanchang, 890 pp. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukui, E. 1933. Climatic regions in Japan. Geogr. Rev. 9: 1–17,109–127,195–219, 271–300 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukui, E. 1958. The second Thornthwaite classification of Asia. Tokyo Geogr. Papers II: 47–64 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukui, E. 1966. General view of the development of climatology in Japan. Japanese Geography (spec. publ.) 1966 (2): 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukui, E. (ed.) 1977. The climate of Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, 317 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiger, R. 1965. Atmosphäre der Erde, map series, map no. WA1: Jährliche Somienstrahlung. Justus Perthes, Darmstadt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, A. (ed.) 1972. Floristics and paleotloristics of Asia and eastern North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 278 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, A. 1846. Analogy between the flora of Japan and that of the United States. Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 11(2): 135136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, A. 1859. Observations upon the relationship of the Japanese flora to that of North America and other parts of the northern hemisphere. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 377–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hämet-Ahti, L., Ahti, T. & Konen, T. 1974. A scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 11: 59–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilan Y.-L. 1981. A discussion on the northern boundary of the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone in Anbui Province. Acta Phytoecol. Geobot. Sinica 5: 54–57 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoidridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105: 267268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou X.-Y. (ed.) 1979. Vegetation map of China. Institute of Botany (Academia Sinica) and Map Press, Beijing. (Map 1:4,000,000, in Chinese, with separate legend manual, Chinese and English versions, 12 pp.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou X.-Y. 1983. Vegetation of China with reference to its geographical distribution. Ann. Miss. Bot. Garden 70: 509–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isozaki, M. 1934. The first Thornthwaite climatic classification and its adaptation to the Japanese region. J. Geogr. ( Japan ) 45: 234–245 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan Meteorological Agency 1981–1983. Climatic tables of Japan, 1951–1980.5 parts. Jap. Meteorol. Agency, Tokyo (in Japanese, with English key).

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan Meteorological Agency 1984. Climatic atlas of Japan. Tokyo, 188 pp. (in Japanese and English).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, T. 1966. Surface wind systems over central Japan in the winter season. Geogr. Rev. Japan 39: 538554 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, T. 1970. Surface wind systems over central Japan in the warm season. Geogr. Rev. Japan 43: 203210 (in Japanese, with English summary).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, T. 1977. Flow patterns and wind systems. In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 199–208. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T. 1945. A new classification of climate in eastern Asia, as the basis for agricultural geography. Horticultural Institute, Kyoto University, 23 pp. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T. 1949. Forest zones in Japan. Nippon Ringyo Gijutsu Kyokai, Tokyo, Ringyo Kaisetsu 17: 105–141 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T. 1977. A climatological interpretation of Japanese vegetation zones. Im Miyawaki, A. (ed.), Vegetation science and environmental protection, pp. 21–30. Maruzen, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T. 1991. Forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia in a global perspective. Ecol. Res. 6: 185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira, T., T. Shidei, M. Numata & K. Yoda 1976. (Vegetation of Japan–its ordination in the global system of vegetation.) Kagaku (Science), 46: 235–247 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, J. 1967. Analysis of solar radiation and downward longwave radiation data ill Japan. Science Reports Tohoku Univ., ser. 5, Geophysics, 18: 91–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köppen, W. 1931. Grundriß der Klimakunde. Walter de Gnnyter, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuchler, A. W. 1948. A new vegetation map of Manchuria. Ecology 29: 513–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larcher, W. 1973. Ökologie der Pflanzen. Uni-Taschenbücher 232. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 320 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydolph, P. E. 1977. Climates of the Soviet Union. World survey of climatology, vol. 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 443 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, J. 1984. Summertime circulation patterns over Eastern Asia. Jap. Progress in Climatol. 1984: 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyawaki, A. (ed.) 1980–1989. Nihon Shokusei-Shi (Japan vegetation record). 10 vols. Shibundo, Tokyo (in Japanese, with German and some English summaries).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyawaki, A. 1979. Vegetation und Vegetationskarten auf den japanischen Inseln. In: Miyawaki, A. & Okuda, Sh. (eds.), Vegetation und Landschaft Japans pp. 49–70. Bull. Yokohama Phytosoc. Soc., vol. 16, Yokohama.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizukoshi, M. 1977. Climatic division and climatography. In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 225–270. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, M. J. 1982. Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. Tasks for Veg. Sci., vol. 5. W. Junk Publ., Dordrecht.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, K. 1897. Climate of Japan. Tokyo (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Numata, M. (ed.) 1974. The flora and vegetation of Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo and Elsevier, Amsterdam, 294 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Numata, M., Miyawaki, A. & Itow, D. 1972. Natural and semi-natural vegetation in Japan. Blumea 20: 435–481 (with 26 photos, veg. maps, and altitudinal profile).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada, T. 1931. Climate of Japan. Bull. Centr. Met, Obs. Japan 4 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Okitsu, S. 1984. Control factors of the forest limit on Mt. Taisetsu, central Hokkaido, Japan. Jap. J. Ecol. 34: 439 /114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Physical Regionalization Committee 1958–1959. General natural divisions of China. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, M. E. & Mitchell, J. F. B. 1985. Model projections of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide. DOE/ER-0237, pp. 81–147. US Dept. of Energy, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmithüsen, J. 1968. Vegetationsgeographie. 3rd ed. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 463 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekiguchi, T. 1940. On the local names of wind in Japan. Geogr. Rev. Japan 16: 374–395, 433–446 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekiguchi, T. 1949. The Köppen climatic classification of Japan. Geogr. Social Life 1949 (15): 12–16 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekiguchi, T. 1959. Climatic classification of Japan. Tokyo Geography Papers 3: 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekihara, K. & Suzuki, M. 1966. Solar radiation and duration of sunshine in Japan. Pap. Meteorol. Geophys. 17: 190–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shidei, T. & Kira, T. (eds.) 1977. Primary productivity of Japanese forests. JIBP Synthesis, vol. 16. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 289 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shidei, T. 1974. Forest vegetation zones. hi: Numata, M. (ed.), Flora and vegetation of Japan, pp. 87–124. Kodansha, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Shitara, H. 1976. Climatology. In: Kiuchi, S. (ed.), Geog-raphy in Japan, pp. 65–84. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo. Song Y.-Ch. 1983. Die räumliche Ordnung der Vegetation Chinas. Tuexenia 3: 131–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, H. 1962. Classification of Japanese climates. Geogr. Rev. Japan 35: 205–211 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T. 1953. The forest climaxes of East Asia. Jap. J. Bot. 14: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. 1955. Dynamic climatology. Iwanami, Tokyo, 316 pp. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. 1977. Typhoons and shurin (Autumn rain). In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 113–134. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C. W. 1931. The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geogr. Rev. 21: 633655.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C. W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr. Rev. 38: 55–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornthwaite, C. W. & Mather, J. R. 1957. Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance. Publ. in Climatology (Univ. Delaware, Newark ) 10: 185–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (eds.) 1987. Rika Nenpyo (Chronological Scientific Tables). Maruzen, Tokyo, 1007 pp. (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Troll, C. 1961. Klima und Pflanzenkleid der Erde, in drei- dimensionaler Sicht. Die Naturwiss. 48: 332–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troll, C. & Paffen, K. H. 1964. Karte der Jahreszeitenklimate der Erde. Erdkunde. Arch. Wiss. Geogr. 18: 5–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuhkanen, S. 1984. A circumboreal system of climaticphytogeographical regions. Acta Botan. Femnica 127: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1955. Die Klimadiagranune als Mittel zur Beurteilung der Klimaverhältnisse fir ökologische, vegetationskundliche und landwirtschaftliche Zwecke. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 68: 331–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1968. Die gemäßigten und arktischen Zonen. Die Vegetation der Erde in öko-physiologischer Betrachtung, vol. 2. VEB Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Jena, 1002 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1970. Vegetation und Klimazonen. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 382 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1974. Die Vegetation Osteuropas, Nord-und Zentralasiens. Vegetation der einzelnen Großräume. Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, 452 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. 1984. Vegetation of the Earth. 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, 318 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H. & Box, E.O. 1976. Global classification of natural terrestrial ecosystems. Vegetatio 32: 75–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, H., & Lieth H. 1960–67. Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas. Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Ch.-W. 1961. The forests of China, with a survey of grassland and desert vegetation. Maria Moors Cabot Foundation Publ. 5, Harvard Univ., Cambridge (Mass.), 313 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • WMO 1976. Solar radiation and radiation balance data (The world network) 1969–1973. World Meteorological Organization, Leningrad (St. Petersburg ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J. A. 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the northern hemisphere and Australasia. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, 37 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, I. 1987. Climate and plant distribution. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 174 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Zh.-Y. (ed.) 1980. Vegetation of China [Zhongguo Zhibei]). Science Press, Beijing, 1375 pp. (+ photos, in Chinese, with Latin-Chinese species lists).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Zh.-Y. (ed.) 1995. Vegetation of China. 2nd edition [Zhongguo Zhibei]. Science Press, Beijing, 1382 pp. (+ photos, in Chinese, with Latin-Chinese species lists).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazawa, T. 1980. Der Ablauf der Jahreszeiten in Japan aus der Sicht der Witterungsklimatologie und seine Bedeutung für das japanische Leben. Erdkunde 34: 8895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yim, Y.-J. 1977. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. Jap. J. Ecol. 27: 177189, 269–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yim, Y.-J. & Kira, T. 1975–1976. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. Jap. J. Ecol. 25: 77–88 and 26: 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1963. Rainfall frontal zone and jet stream in early summer over East Asia. Bonn Met. Abhandl. 3: 1–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1965–1966. Four stages in the rainy season in early summer over East Asia. J. Met. Soc. Japan 43: 231–245 and 44: 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1966a. Bai-u, the rainy season in early summer in Japan. Assn. Jap. Geogr. (spec. publ.) 1: 66–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1966b. Some climatological aspects of winds. Geogr. Rev. Japan 39: 20–30 (in Japanese, with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1973. Wind-shaped trees in the subalpine zone in Japan. Arc. Alp. Res. 5:A115-Al26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1975. Climate in a small area. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 549 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1977a. Dynamic and synoptic aspects of Japan’s climate. In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 29–63. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1977b. The winter monsoon. In: Fukui, E. (ed.), The climate of Japan, pp. 65–84. Kodansha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1978. Altitudinal vegetation belts of Japan with special reference to climatic conditions. Arc. Alp. Res. 10: 449–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. 1980. The climatic regions of Japan. Erdkunde 34: 81–87 (+ map).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino, M. & Kai, K. 1974. Pressure-pattern calendar of East Asia, 1941–1970, and its climatological summary. Climatol. Notes ( Univ. Tsukuba ) 16: 1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S.-Q. 1986. Physical geography of China. Science Press (with John Wiley & Sons), Beijing, 209 pp (+ 64 color photos and 11 Landsat images).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y.-L. & Zu Y.-G. (eds.) 1997. Zhongguo Dongbei Zhibei Dili (Geography of the vegetation in Northeast China). Science Press, Beijing, 446 pp (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y.-L. (ed.) 1991. Zhongguo Daxingan-ling Zhibei (Vegetation of the Daxingan-ling in China). Science Press, Beijing, 264 pp (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geography Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2502, USA

    Elgene O. Box

  2. Department of Geography, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, 313 Tillman Hall, Macomb, Illinois, 61455-1390, USA

    Jongnam Choi

Authors
  1. Elgene O. Box
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jongnam Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Jiří Kolbek  & Miroslav Šrůtek  & 

  2. Geography Department, University of Georgia, Athens, USA

    Elgene O. Box

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Box, E.O., Choi, J. (2003). Climate of Northeast Asia. In: Kolbek, J., Šrůtek, M., Box, E.O. (eds) Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia. Geobotany, vol 28. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0143-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0143-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6312-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0143-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation