Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Immobilized Biosystems pp 289–335Cite as

Biofilms, Naturally Occurring Communities of Immobilized Cells

  • Chapter

Abstract

The concept of using immobilized cells (addressed in other chapters of this book) has greatly enhanced the industrial scale production of a number of secondary metabolites by microorganisms. Generally the organisms are confined within a supporting matrix such as carrageenin or agar. In this environment, cellular growth is greatly reduced and the production of secondary metabolites thereby enhanced. Separation of microbial products from the immobilized culture is also facilitated due to the ease with which the relatively large clusters of cells can be removed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, M. (1971). Biochemical ecology of microorganisms. Annual Review of Microbiology, 25, 361–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, D. G. & Sutherland I. W. (1987). The role of exopolysaccharides in adhesion of freshwater bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, 133, 1319–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aly, R. & Levit, S. (1987). Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to squamous epithelium: role of fibronectin and teichoic acid. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9, S341–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amann, R. I., Krumholz, L. & Stahl, D. A. (1990a). Fluorescent oligonucleotide probing of whole cells for determinative, phylogenetic, and environmental studies in microbiology. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 762–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amann, R. I., Binder, B. J., Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Devereux, R. & Stahl, D. A. (1990b). Combination of 16S rRNA—targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 1919–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amann, R. I., Stromley, J., Devereux, R., Key, R. & Stahl, D. A. (1992). Molecular and microscopic identification of sulfate-reducing bacteria in multispecies biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 614–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar, H., Van Biesen, T., Dasgupta, M., Lam, K. & Costerton, J. W. (1989). Interaction of biofilm bacteria with antibiotics in a novel in vitro chemostat system. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 33, 1824–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, M., Medalia, O., Amichay, D. & Nativ, O. (1988). Endotoxin-induced shedding of viable uroepithelial cells is an antimicrobial defense mechanism. Infection and Immunity, 56, 1615–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J. H. (1984). Factors affecting the bacterial colonization of various surfaces in a river. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 30, 511–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bale, M. J., Day, M. J. & Fry, J. C. (1988). Novel method for studying plasmid transfer in undisturbed river epilithon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2756–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balkwill, D. L., Fredrickson, J. K. & Thomas, J. M. (1989). Vertical and horizontal variations in the physiological diversity of the aerobic chemo-heterotrophic bacterial microflora in deep southeast coastal plain subsurface sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1058–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balkwill, D. L. & Ghiorse, W. C. (1985). Characterization of subsurface bacteria associated with two shallow aquifers in Oklahoma. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 589–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beachey, E. H., Giampapa, C. S. & Abraham, S. N. (1988). Bacterial adherence. Adhesin receptor-mediated attachment of pathogenic bacteria to mucosal surfaces. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 138, S45–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bej, A. K., Mahbubani, M. H. & Atlas, R. M. (1991a). Detection of viable Legionella pneumophila in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probe methods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 597–600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bej, A. K., DiCesare, J. L., Haff, L. & Atlas, R. M. (1991b). Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1013–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bej, A. K., McCarty, S. C. & Atlas, R. M. (1991c). Detection of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction: comparison with defined substrate and plating methods for water quality monitoring. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 2429–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belas, M. R. & Colwell, R. R. (1982). Adsorption kinetics of laterally and polarly flagellated Vibrio. Journal of Bacteriology, 151, 1568–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, T. J. (1981). Ultrastructure, chemistry, and function of the bacterial wall. International Review of Cytology, 72, 229–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge, T. J. (1989). Role of cellular design in bacterial metal accumulation and mineralization. Annual Review of Microbiology, 43, 147–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beynon, L. M., Dumanski, A. J., McLean, R. J. C., MacLean, L. L., Richards, J. C. & Perry, M. B. (1992). Capsule structure of Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 49565). Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 2172–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blenkinsopp, S. A., Khoury, A. E. & Costerton, J. W. (1992). Electrical enhancement of biocide efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3770–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brackenhoff, G. J., van der Voort, H. T. M., van Spronsen, E. A. & Nanninga, N. (1988). 3-Dimensional imaging of biological structures by high resolution confocal microscopy. Scanning Microscopy, 2, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bright, J. J. & Fletcher, M. (1983). Amino acid assimilation and electron transport system activity in attached and free—living marine bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 818–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T. D. & Madigan, M. T. (1988). Biology of microorganisms. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. R. W., Allison, D. G. & Gilbert, P. (1988). Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics: a growth-rate related effect. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 22, 777–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. R. W. & Williams, P. (1985). The influence of environment on envelope properties affecting survival of bacteria in infections. Annual Review of Microbiology, 39, 527–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. D., Costerton, J. W. & Laishley, E. J. (1984). The role of Thiobacillus albertis glycocalyx in the adhesion of cells to elemental sulfur. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 30, 81–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. (1977). The planktonic microflora of lakes. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 5, 306–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. (1984). Surface colonization parameters from cell density and distribution. In Microbial adhesion and aggregation, pp. 125–136. Ed. Marshall, K. C. Springer-Verlag Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. (1985). New developments in computer- enhanced microscopy (CEM). Journal of Microbiological Methods, 4, 117–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. & Germida, J. J. (1985). Evaluation of difference imagery for visualizing and quantitating microbial growth. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 31, 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. & Lawrence, J. R. (1986). Growth kinetics of Pseudomonas fluorescens microcolonies within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments. Microbial Ecology, 12, 299–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. (1987). Microbial colonization of solid-liquid interfaces. In Biochemical Engineering V, pp. 274–280. New York Academy of Sciences, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. & Lawrence, J. R. (1988). Study of attached cells in continuous—flow slide culture. In CRC handbook of laboratory model system for microbial ecosystems, volume 1, pp. 117–138. Ed. Wimpenny, J. W. T. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E., Korber, D. R. & Lawrence, J. R. (1992). Imaging of bacterial cells by fluorescence exclusion using scanning confocal laser microscopy. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 15, 249–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. & Tiedje, J. M. (1975a). A morphological study of bacteria in the hypolimnia of several Michigan lakes. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 21, 362–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. E. & Tiedje, J. M. (1975b). The structure of anaerobic bacterial communities in the hypolimnia of several lakes in Michigan. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 21, 377–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camper, A. K., LeChevallier, M. W., Broadaway, S. C. & McFeters, G. A. (1985). Growth and persistence of pathogens on granular activated carbon filters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 1378–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caparon, M. G., Stephens, D. S., Olsen, A. & Scott, J. R. (1991). Role of M protein in adherence of group A streptococci. Infection and Immunity, 59, 1811–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, J. H., Fox, M. E., Brownlee, B. G., Metcalfe, J. L. & Platford, R. F. (1984). Disappearance kinetics of 2,4- and 3,4-dichlorophenol in a fluvial system. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 62, 971–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, R., Lam, J. S., Lam, K. & Costerton, J. W. (1984). Influence of culture conditions on expression of the mucoid mode of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 19, 8–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, R. C. Y., Reid, G., Irvin, R. T., Bruce, A. W. & Costerton, J. W. (1985). Competitive exclusion of uropathogens from human uroepithelial cells by Lactobacillus whole cells and cell wall fragments. Infection and Immunity, 47, 84–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. C. & Merritt, K. (1991). Effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis on adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and gentamicin-containing PMMA. Journal of Orthopedic Research, 9, 284–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.-J. & Costerton, J. W. (1980a). Adherent rumen bacteria — their role in the digestion of plant material urea and epithelial cells. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants, pp. 227–250. Eds Ruckebusch, Y. & Thivend, P. MTP Press, Lancaster, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.-J. & Costerton, J. W. (1980b). The formation of microcolonies by rumen bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 26, 1104–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.-J., McCowan, R. P. & Costerton, J. W. (1979). Adherent epithelial bacteria in ruminants and their roles in digestive tract function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32, 139–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.J., Fay, J. P., Coleman, R. N., Milligan, L. P. & Costerton, J. W. (1981a). Formation of bacterial microcolonies of feed particles in the rumen. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 298–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.-J., Irvin, R. T. & Costerton, J. W. (1981b). Autochthonous and pathogenic colonization of animal tissues by bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 27, 461–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christersson, C. E., Dunford, R. G., Glantz, P. O. & Baier, R. E. (1989). Effect of critical surface tension on retention of oral microorganisms. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 97, 247–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christersson, C. E., Glantz, P. O. & Baier, R. E. (1988). Role of temperatureand shear forces on microbial detachment. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 96, 91–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham, L., McLean, R. J. C., Nickel, J. C., Downey, J. & Costerton, J. W. (1990). The influence of bacteria on struvite crystal habit and its importance in urinary stone formation. Journal of Crystal Growth, 104, 475–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, D. M. G., Brown, M. R. W., Anwar, H., Weller, P. H., Lam, K. & Costerton, J. W. (1988). Antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface protein antigens in a rat model of chronic lung infection. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 27, 255–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W. (1979). The role of electron microscopy in the elucidation of bacterial structure and function. Annual Review of Microbiology, 33, 459–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W. (1990). The removal of microbial fouling by ice nucleation. US Patent number 4,419,248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Irvin, R. T. & Cheng, K.-J. (1981a). The role of bacterial surface structures in pathogenesis. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 8, 303–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Irvin, R. T. & Cheng, K.-J. (1981b). The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Annual Review of Microbiology, 35, 299–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Lam, J., Lam, K. & Chan, R. (1983). The role of the micro-colony mode of growth in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 5, S867–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W. & Marks, I. (1977). Localization of enzymes in procaryotic cells. In Electron Microscopy of Enzymes: Principles and Methods, pp. 98–134. Ed. Hayat, M. A. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Rozee, K. R. & Cheng, K.-J. (1983). Colonization of particulates, mucous and intestinal tissue. Progress in Food and Nutritional Science, 7, 91–105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W. (1984a). The formation of biocide-resistant biofilms in industrial, natural, and medical systems. Developments in Industrial Microbiology, 25, 363–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W. (1984b). The etiology and persistence of cryptic bacterial infections: a hypothesis. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 6, S608–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Cheng, K.-J., Geesey, G. G., Ladd, T. I., Nickel, J. C, Das-gupta, M. & Marrie, T. J. (1987). Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Annual Review of Microbiology, 41, 435–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, M. M., Taylor, K. G. & Doyle, R. J. (1987). Energetics of the initial phase of adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis to hydroxylapatite. Journal of Bacteriology, 169, 2995–3000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cusack, F., Brown, D. R., Costerton, J. W. & Clementz, D. M. (1987). Field and laboratory studies of microbial/fines plugging of water injection wells: mechanism, diagnosis and removal. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 1, 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dart, J. K. & Seal, D. V. (1988). Pathogenesis and therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Eye, 2, S46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dazzo, F. B. & Truchet, G. L. (1983). Interactions of lectins and their saccharide receptors in the Rhizobium—legume symbiosis. Journal of Membrane Biology, 73, 1–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean-Ross, D. & Mills, A. L. (1989). Bacterial community structure and function along a heavy metal gradient. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 2002–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doig, P., Smith, N. R., Todd, T. & Irvin, R. T. (1987). Characterization of the binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate to human epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity, 55, 1517–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doig, P., Todd, T., Sastry, P. A., Lee, K. K., Hodges, R. S., Paranchych, W. & Irvin, R. T. (1988). Role of pili in adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human respiratory epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity, 56, 1641–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Driessens, F. C. M., Borggreven, J. M. P. M., Verbeeck, R. M. H., van Dijk, J. W. E. & Feagin, F. F. (1985). On the physicochemistry of plaque calcification and the phase composition of dental calculus. Journal of Periodontal Research, 20, 329–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duguid, J. P., Smith, I. W., Demster, G. & Edwards, P. N. (1955). Non-flagellar filamentous appendages (‘fimbriae’) and haemagglutinating activity in Bacterium coli. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 70, 335–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eighmy, T. T., Maratea, D. & Bishop, P. L. (1983). Electron microscopic examination of wastewater biofilm formation and structural components. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 1921–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eighmy, T. T. & Bishop, P. L. (1984). Multiplicity of aspartate transport in thin wastewater biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 48, 1151–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, B. I. (1987). Fimbriae. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi-murium Cellular and Molecular Biology, volume 1, pp. 84–90. Eds Neidhardt, F. C., Ingraham, J. L., Low, K. B., Magasanik, B., Schaechter, M. & Umbarger, H. E. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellen, R. P., Schwarz-Faulkner, S. & Grove, D. A. (1988). Coaggregation among periodontal pathogens, emphasizing Bacteroides gingivalis—Actinomyces viscosus cohesion on a saliva-coated mineral surface. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 299–306.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, E. T., Coleman, D. C., Ingham, R. E. & Trofymow, J. A. (1984). Carbon and energy flow through microflora and microfauna in the soil subsystem of terrestrial ecosystems. In Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology, pp. 424–33. Eds. Klug, M. J. & Reddy, C. A. American Society for Microbiology, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fader, R. C. & Davis, C. P. (1980). Effect of piliation on Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in rat bladders. Infection and Immunity, 30, 554–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, F. G., Beveridge, T. J. & Fyfe, W. S. (1986). Iron-silica crystallite nucleation by bacteria in a geothermal sediment. Nature, 320, 609–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, F. G., Schultze, S., Witten, T. C., Fyfe, W. S. & Beveridge, T. J. (1989a). Metal interactions with microbial biofilms in acidic and neutral pH environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1249–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, F. G., Fyfe, W. S., Witten, T., Schultze, S. & Beveridge, T. J. (1989b). Effect of mineral substrate hardness on the population density of epilithic microorganisms in two Ontario rivers. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 744–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, B. B. & Falkow, S. (1989). Common themes in microbial pathogenicity. Microbiological Reviews, 53, 210–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, M. (1988). Attachment of Pseudomonas fluorescens to glass and influence of electrolytes on bacterium—substratum separation distance. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 2027–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geesey, G. G., Mutch, R., Costerton, J. W. & Green, R. B. (1978). Sessile bacteria: an important component of the microbial population in small mountain streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 23, 1214–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geesey, G. G. & White, D. C. (1990). Determination of bacterial growth and activity at solid—liquid interfaces. Annual Review of Microbiology, 44, 579–602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiorse, W. C. & Wilson, J. T. (1988). Microbial ecology of the terrestrial subsurface. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 33, 107–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, R. J. (1989). Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases. Journal of Dental Research, 68, 750–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, R. J. & Nygaard, M. (1970). Interbacterial aggregation of plaque bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology, 15, 1397–400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, P., Collier, P. J. & Brown, M. R. W. (1990). Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: Biofilms, cell cycle, dormancy, and stringent response. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 34, 1865–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godwin, S. L., Fletcher, M. & Burchard, R. P. (1989). Interference reflection microscopic study of sites of association between gliding bacteria and glass substrata. Journal of Bacteriology, 171, 4589–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gristina, A. G. & Costerton, J. W. (1985). Bacterial adherence to biomaterials and tissue. The significance of its role in clinical sepsis. American Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 67, 264–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg, L., Lam, J., Svanborg Edén, C. & Costerton, J. W. (1986). Interaction of a pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain with the tissue components of the mouse urinary tract. Journal of Urology, 136, 165–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. A. (1985). Sulphate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic corrosion. Annual Review of Microbiology, 39, 195–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. A. (1987). Biofilms: microbial interactions and metabolic activities. In Ecology of microbial communities, pp. 361–385. Ed. Hamilton, W. A. University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugland, R. P. (1992). Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals. Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S. C. & Beveridge, T. J. (1982). Electron microscopy: its development and application to microbiology. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 28, 1–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphries, M., Nemcek, J., Cantwell, J. B. & Gerrard, J. J. (1987). The use of graft copolymers to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria to solid surfaces. FEMS Microbial Ecology, 45, 297–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hungate, R. E. (1966). The Rumen and its Microbes. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriberri, J., Unanue, M., Ayo, B., Barcina, I. & Egea, L. (1990). Bacterial production and growth rate estimation from [3H]thymidine incorporation for attached and free-living bacteria in aquatic systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 483–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, M., Marrie, T. J. & Costerton, J. W. (1987). Review: Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. Microbial Ecology, 13, 173–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, M., Olson, M. E., Crichlow, A. M., Osborne, A. D. & Costerton, J. W. (1986). The normal microflora of the female rabbit’s genital tract. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 50, 272–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, M., Roy, G. & Mittal, K. R. (1988). Hemagglutinating properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 1046–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenne, L. & Lindberg, B. (1983). Bacterial polysaccharides. In The polysaccharides, volume 2, pp. 287–363. Ed. Aspinall, G. O. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieft, T. L. & Caldwell, D. E. (1984). Chemostat and in-situ colonization kinetics of Thermothrix thiopara on calcite and pyrite surfaces. Geomicrobiology Journal, 3, 217–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjelleberg, S., Hermansson, M., Marden, P. & Jones, G. W. (1987). The transient phase between growth and nongrowth of heterotrophic bacteria, with emphasis on the marine environment. Annual Review of Microbiology, 41, 25–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga, T., Toda, Y., Moro, I. & Hamada, S. (1988). Electron-microscopic observation of adherence of serotype c Streptococcus mutans to the enamel surface due to glucan synthesis. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, und Hygiene, Series A, 269, 492–500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolenbrander, P. E. (1988). Intergeneric coaggregation among human oral bacteria and ecology of dental plaque. Annual Review of Microbiology, 42, 627–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korber, D. R., Lawrence, J. R., Sutton, B. & Caldwell, D. E. (1989). Effect of laminar flow velocity on the kinetics of surface recolonization by Mot+ and Mot- Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbial Ecology, 18, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudo, H., Cheng, K.-J. & Costerton, J. W. (1987). Electron microscopic study of the methylcellulose-mediated detachment of cellulolytic rumen bacteria from cellulose fibers. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33, 267–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, T. I., Schmiel, D., Nickel, J. C & Costerton, J. W. (1985). Rapid method for detection of adherent bacteria on Foley urinary catheters. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 21, 1004–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, T. I., Schmiel, D., Nickel, J. C. & Costerton, J. W. (1987). The use of a radiorespirometric assay for testing the antibiotic sensitivity of catheter-associated bacteria. Journal of Urology, 138, 1451–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lappin-Scott, H. M., Cusack, F., MacLeod, A. & Costerton, J. W. (1988a). Starvation and nutrient resuscitation of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from oil well waters. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 64, 541–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lappin-Scott, H. M., Cusack, F. & Costerton, J. W. (1988b). Nutrient resuscitation and growth of starved cells in sandstone cores: a novel approach to enhanced oil recovery. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 1373–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lappin-Scott, H. M. & Costerton, J. W. (1989). Bacterial biofllms and surface fouling. Biofouling, 1, 323–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, S. H., Reader, R. W., Kort, E. N., Tso, W.-W. & Adler, J. (1974). Change in direction of flagellar rotation is the basis of the chemotactic response in Escherichia coli. Nature, 249, 74–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J. R. & Caldwell, D. E. (1987). Behavior of bacterial stream populations within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments. Microbial Ecology, 14, 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J. R., Delaquis, P. J., Korber, D. & Caldwell, D. E. (1987). Behavior of Pseudomonas fluorescens within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments. Microbial Ecology, 14, 1–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J. R., Korber, D. R., Hoyle, B. D., Costerton, J. W. & Caldwell, D. E. (1991). Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 6558–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeChevallier, M. W., Babcock, T. M. & Lee, R. G. (1987). Examination and characterization of distribution system biofilms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2714–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeChevallier, M. W., Cawthon, C. D. & Lee, R. G. (1988a). Factors promoting survival of bacteria in chlorinated water supplies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 649–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeChevallier, M. W., Cawthon, C. D. & Lee, R. G. (1988b). Inactivation of biofilm bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2492–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, J. W. C., Sung, J. Y. & Costerton, J. W. (1989). Bacteriological and electron microscopy examination of brown pigment stones. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27, 915–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liljemark, W. F., Bloomquist, C. G., Coulter, M. C., Fenner, L. J., Skopek, R. J. & Schachtele, C. F. (1988). Utilization of a continuous streptococcal surface to measure interbacterial adherence in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Dental Research, 67, 1455–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lytle, M. S., Adams, J. C., Dickman, D. G. & Bressler, W. R. (1989). Use of nutrient response techniques to assess the effectiveness of chlorination of rapid sand filter gravel. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 29–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, F. A., Lappin-Scott, H. M. & Costerton, J. W. (1988). Plugging of a model rock system by using starved bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 1365–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, F. A., Guiot, S. R. & Costerton, J. W. (1990). Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor. Applied and Environmental Biology, 56, 1598–1607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacNab, R. M. (1987). Flagella. In Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium cellular and molecular Biology, volume 1, pp. 70–83. Eds Neidhardt, F. C., Ingraham, J. L., Low, K. B., Magasanik, B., Schaechter, M. & Umbarger, H. E. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, S. (1988). Molecular recognition in biomineralization. Nature, 332, 119–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K. C., Stout, R. & Mitchell, R. (1971). Mechanisms of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to solid surfaces. Journal of General Microbiology, 68, 337–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K. C. (1985). Bacterial adhesion in oligotrophic habitats. Microbiological Science, 2, 321–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, K. C. (1988). Adhesion and growth of bacteria at surfaces in oligotrophic habitats. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 503–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, P. A., Loeb, G. L., Cowan, M. M. & Fletcher, M. (1989). Response of microbial adhesives and biofilm matrix polymers to chemical treatments as determined by interference reflection microscopy and light section microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 2827–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matin, A., Auger, E. A., Blum, P. H. & Schultz, J. E. (1989). Genetic basis of starvation survival in nondifferentiating bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology, 43, 293–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEldowney, S. & Fletcher, M. (1986). Variability of the influence of physicochemical factors affecting bacterial adhesion to polystyrene substrata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 460–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEldowney, S. & Fletcher, M. (1987). Adhesion of bacteria from mixed cell suspension to solid surfaces. Archives of Microbiology, 148, 57–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley, V. L., Costerton, J. W. & White, D. C. (1988). Microbial biomass, activity, and community structure of water and particulates retrieved by backflow from a waterflood injection well. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 1383–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C., Beauchemin, D. & Beveridge, T. J. (1992). Influence of oxidation state on iron binding by Bacillus licheniformis capsule. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 405–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C., Beauchemin, D., Clapham, L. & Beveridge, T. J. (1990). Metal binding characteristics of the gamma-glutamyl capsule polymer of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 3671–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C. & Beveridge, T. J. (1990). Metal binding capacity of bacterial surfaces and their ability to form mineralized aggregates. In Microbial Mineral Recovery, pp. 185–222. Eds Ehrlich, H. L. & Brierley, C. L. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C., Cheng, K.-J., Gould, W. D., Nickel, J. C. & Costerton, J. W. (1986). Histochemical and biochemical urease localization in the periplasm and outer membrane of two Proteus mirabilis strains. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 772–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C., Lawrence, J. R., Korber, D. R. & Caldwell, D. E. (1991). Proteus mirabilis biofilm protection against struvite crystal dissolution and its implications in struvite urolithiasis. Journal of Urology, 146, 1138–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C. & Nickel, J. C. (1991). Bacterial colonization behaviour: a new virulence strategy in urinary infections? Medical Hypotheses, 36, 269–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, R. J. C., Nickel, J. C, Cheng, K.-J. & Costerton, J. W. (1988). The ecology and pathogenicity of urease-producing bacteria in the urinary tract. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 16, 37–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mergenhagen, S. E., Sandberg, A. L., Chassy, B. M., Brennan, M. J., Yeung, M. K., Donkersloot, J. A. & Cisar, J. O. (1987). Molecular basis of bacterial adhesion in the oral cavity. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 9, S467–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, A. L. & Maubery, R. (1981). Effect of mineral composition on bacterial attachment to submerged rock surfaces. Microbial Ecology, 7, 315–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millward, T. A. & Wilson, M. (1989). The effect of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis biofilms. Microbios, 58, 155–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morita, R. Y. (1982). Starvation-survival of heterotrophs in the marine environment. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 6, 171–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morita, R. Y. (1988). Bioavailability of energy and its relationship to growth and starvation survival in nature. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 436–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, C. L. & Morita, R. Y. (1989). Effect of growth rate and starvation—survival on the viability and stability of a psychrophilic marine bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 1122–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R. E., Cooksey, K. E. & Priscu, J. C. (1987). Influence of physical disruption on growth of attached bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2997–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, P. D., Henson, J. M., Guckert, J. B., Nivens, D. E. & White, D. C. (1985). Fourier transform—IR spectroscopic methods for microbial ecology analysis of bacteria, bacteria-polymer mixtures and biofilms. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 4, 79–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, W. W., Dorrington, S. M., Slack, M. P. & Walmsley, H. L. (1988). Inhibition of tobramycin diffusion by binding to alginate. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 32, 518–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, J. C., Wright, J. B., Ruseska, L, Marrie, T. J., Whitfield, C. & Costerton, J. W. (1985a). Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing a urinary catheter in vitro. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 4, 213–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, J. C., Ruseska, I., Wright, J. B. & Costerton, J. W. (1985b). Tobramycin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells growing as a biofilm on urinary catheter material. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 27, 619–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, P. H. (1987). Biofilm dynamics and kinetics during high-rate sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 27–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noorda, W. D., Purdell-Lewis, D. J., van Montfort, A. M. & Weerkamp, A. H. (1988). Monobacterial and mixed bacterial plaques of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella alcalescens in an artificial mouth: development, metabolism, and effect on human dental enamel. Caries Research, 22, 342–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyström, T., Olsson, R. M. & Kjelleberg, S. (1992). Survival, stress resistance, and alterations in protein expression in the marine Vibrio sp. strain S14 during starvation for different individual nutrients. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ofek, I. & Perry, A. (1985). Molecular basis of bacterial adherence to tissues. In Molecular Basis Oral Microbial adhesion, pp. 7–13. Eds. Mergenhagen, S. E. & Rosan, B. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G. J. (1986). Microbial intervention in trace element-containing industrial process streams and waste products. In The Importance of Chemical ‘speciation’ in Environmental Processes, pp. 493–512. Eds. Bernhard, M., Brinckman, F. E. & Sadler, P. J. Springer–Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Op den Camp, H. J. M., Oosterhof, A. & Veerkamp, J. H. (1985). Interaction of Bifidobacterial lipoteichoic acid with human intestinal epithelial cells. Infection and Immunity, 47, 332–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payment, P. (1989). Bacterial colonization of domestic reverse-osmosis water filtration units. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 1065–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, K., Holmstrom, C., Olsson, A.-K. & Pedersen, A. (1986). Statistical evaluation of the influence of species variation, culture conditions, surface wettability, and fluid shear on attachment and biofilm development of marine bacteria. Archives of Microbiology, 145, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, T. P., Kehoe, M. A., Whitnack, E., Dockter, M. E. & Beachey, E. H. (1989). Fibrinogen binding and resistance to phagocytosis of Streptococcus sanguis expressing cloned M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes. Infection and Immunity, 57, 29–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratt-Tepstra, I. H., Weerkamp, A. H. & Busscher, H. J. (1989). The effects of pellicle formation on streptococcal adhesion to human enamel and artificial substrata with various surface free-energies. Journal of Dental Research, 68, 463–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, J. H. & Fletcher, M. (1986). Influence of substratum hydration and adsorbed macromolecules on bacterial attachment to surfaces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 51, 1321–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, G., Jewett, M. A. S., Nickel, J. C., McLean, R. J. C. & Bruce, A. W. (1990). Effect of extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy on bacterial viability: relationship to the treatment of struvite stones. Urological Research, 18, 425–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, G., McGroarty, J. A., Angotti, R. & Cook, R. L. (1988). Lactobacillus inhibitor production against Escherichia coli and coaggregation ability with uropathogens. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 344–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, H. F., Kelly, A., Justice, C. & Olson, B. H. (1983). Microbial fouling of reverse-osmosis membranes used in advanced wastewater treatment technology: chemical, bacteriological, and ultrastructural analyses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 1066–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rittmann, B. E., Crawford, L., Tuck, C. K. & Namkung, E. (1986). In-situ determination of kinetic parameters for biofilms isolation and characterization of oligotrophic biofllms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 28, 1753–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosan, B., Eifert, R. & Golub, E. (1985). Bacterial surfaces, salivary pellicles, and plaque formation. In Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion, pp. 69–76. Eds Mergenhagen, S. E. & Rosan, B. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roszak, D. B. & Colwell, R. R. (1987). Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment. Microbiological Reviews, 51, 365–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruseska, I., Robbins, J., Lashen, E. S. & Costerton, J. W. (1982). Biocide testing against corrosion-causing oilfield bacteria helps control plugging. Oil and Gas Journal, 3, 253–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. C., Bramhill, B., Wardlaw, N. C. & Costerton, J. W. (1985). Bacterial fouling in a model core system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 693–701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegele, D. A. & Kolter, R. (1992). Life after log. Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 345–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, D. A., Flesher, B., Mansfield, H. R. & Montgomery, L. (1988). Use of phytogenetically based hybridization probes for studies of ruminai microbial ecology. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 1079–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staley, J. T. & Fuerst, J. A. (1989). Budding and/or appendaged bacteria. In Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, volume 3, pp. 1890–1993. Eds Staley, J. T., Bryant, M. P., Pfennig, N. & Holt, J. G. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffan, R. J., Breen, A., Atlas, R. M. & Sayler, G. S. (1989). Application of gene probe methods for monitoring specific microbial populations in freshwater ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 681–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffan, R. J., Goksoyr, J., Bej, A. K. & Atlas, R. M. (1988). Recovery of DNA from soils and sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2908–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenström, T. A. (1989). Bacterial hydrophobicity, an overall parameter for the measurement of adhesion potential to soil particles. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55, 142–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickler, D. J., Clayton, C. L. & Chawla, J. C. (1987). Assessment of antiseptic bladder washout procedures using a physical model of the catheterised bladder. British Journal of Urology, 60, 413–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. (1977). Bacterial exopolysaccharides — their nature and production. In Surface Carbohydrates of the Prokaryotic Cell, pp. 27–96. Ed. Sutherland, I. W. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. (1985). Biosynthesis and composition of gram-negative bacterial extracellular and wall polysaccharides. Annual Review of Microbiology, 39, 243–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, I. W. (1988). Bacterial surface polysaccharides: structure and function. International Review of Cytology, 113, 187–231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svanborg Edén, C., Andersson, B., LeMer, H., Magnusson, G. & Noori, G. (1985). Specificity for glycolipid receptors of adhering bacteria: Experimental differences between uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion, pp. 14–17. Eds Mergenhagen, S. E. & Rosan B. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tormo, A., AlmirQorn, M. & Kolter, R. (1990). sur A, an Escherichia coli gene essential for survival in stationary phase. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4339–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troy, F. A. (1973). Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly (γ-D-glutamyl) capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 248, 305–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, Y.-L. & Olson, B. H. (1992). Detection of low numbers of bacterial cells in soils and sediments by polymerase chain reaction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 754–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Loosdrecht, M. C., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., Schraa, G. & Zehnder, A. J. (1987). Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 1898–1901.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Loosdrecht, M. C., Lyklema, J., Norde, W. & Zehnder, A. J. (1990). Influence of interfaces on microbial activity. Microbiological Reviews, 54, 75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voordouw, G., Voordouw, J. K., Karkhoff-Schweizer, R. R., Fedorak, P. M. & Westlake, D. W. S. (1991). Reverse sample genome probing, a new technique for identification of bacteria in environmental samples by DNA hybridization, and its application to the identification of sulfate—reducing bacteria in oil field samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 3070–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, D. C. & Findlay, R. H. (1988). Biochemical markers tor measurement of predation effects on the biomass, community structure, nutritional status, and metabolic activity of microbial biofilms. Hydrobiologia, 159, 119–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfield, C. (1988). Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 415–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolin, M. J. & Miller, T. L. (1983). Carbohydrate fermentation. In Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease, pp. 147–165. Ed. Hentges, D. J. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrangstadh, M., Conway, P. L. & Kjelleberg, S. (1986). The production and release of an extracellular polysaccharide during starvation of a marine Pseudomonas sp. and the effect thereof on adhesion. Archives of Microbiology, 145, 220–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrangstadh, M., Conway, P. L. & Kjelleberg, S. (1989). The role of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by the marine Pseudomonas sp. S9 in cellular detachment during starvation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 309–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, USA

    Robert J. C. McLean

  2. Department of Applied Microbiology & Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

    Douglas E. Caldwell

  3. Center for Biofilm Engineering, College of Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA

    J. William Costerton

Authors
  1. Robert J. C. McLean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Douglas E. Caldwell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. William Costerton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tivelco International Inc., Ottawa, Canada

    Ivan A. Veliky

  2. Department of Biology, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA

    Robert J. C. McLean

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McLean, R.J.C., Caldwell, D.E., Costerton, J.W. (1994). Biofilms, Naturally Occurring Communities of Immobilized Cells. In: Veliky, I.A., McLean, R.J.C. (eds) Immobilized Biosystems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1334-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1334-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4581-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-1334-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation