Abstract
Intercalation is an important solid state reaction, which can be found for many materials providing open structural units in their crystal structure. It involves two species, one being the host, the other the guest species which can be atoms, molecules or even solvation complexes. Intercalation reactions combining different guest species with different host materials have intensively been investigated in the last decades because of their fundamental interest and because of their possible technological application. Prototype host materials are the metal chalcogenides with a layered structure. The crystal structure of the layered metal dichalcogenides (LMDC; a more often used acronym is TMDC for transition metal dichalcogenide) are characterized by two-dimensional sandwich units which are separated from each other by the so-called van der Waals gap. This bonding geometry makes these materials highly anisotropic and in extreme cases two-dimensional. There is a large number of known layered chalcogenides sharing the same or similar crystal structure but composed of different elements. Thus a large variety of properties exist making these materials interesting from the theoretical point of view, e.g. charge density waves (Wilson et al., 1974; Wilson et al., 1975; Burdett, 1996; Vescoli et al., 1998), superconductivity (Nishio et al., 1994; Cai et al., 1996; Motizuki et al., 1996), two-dimensional electronic structure (Wilson et al., 1969; Grasso, 1986; Friend et al., 1987; Hughes et al., 2000b), van der Waals epitaxy (Koma, 1992; Jaegermann et al, 2000). Also various practical applications make LMDCs attractive. Due to their low shear resistance LMDCs are used as solid-state lubricants (Zonneville et al., 1988; Tenne et al., 1993; Rapoport et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 1998; Cohen et al., 1999; Golan et al., 1999). Some of them are semiconductors with a direct band gap of 1.3-2.0 eV, perfectly matching the solar spectrum with a very high absorption coefficient, in the order of 105 cm-1 (Wilson et al., 1969; Lee, 1976; Grasso et al., 1986). and have been investigated as absorber materials for solar cells (Tributsch, 1977; Aruchamy, 1992). Due to the reactivity of the plane edges TMDCs proved to be very efficient in heterogeneous catalysis. MoS2 hydrodesulfurization catalysis is one of the most widely used catalytic systems worldwide (Somorjai, 1994). By intercalation the amount of guest species in a host can be arbitrarily varied, so that the stoichiometry can be controlled in a defined manner. With intercalation structural changes occur which are accompanied by changes of the physical properties. Thus it is often possible to tailor the physical properties which can be finely tuned by variation of host and guest properties and their stoichiometric ratios.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham, K.M., Pitts, L., and Schiff, L. (1980), “Moderate temperature sodium cells I.Transition metal disulfide cathodes”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 2545–2550.
Aruchamy, A., ed. (1992). Photoelectrochemistry and Photovoltaics of Layered Semiconductors, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D. (1976), Solid State Physics, Saunders College, Philadelphia.
Aydinol, M.K., Kohan, A.F., Ceder, G., Cho, K., and Joannopoulos, J. (1997), “Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides”, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1354–1365.
Bayer, E., and Rüdorff, W. (1972), “Reaktion von in Schichtgittern kristallisierenden Metallsulfiden mit Alkali-naphtalid-Lösungen”, Z Naturforsch. 27b, 1336–1339.
Boswell, F.W, and Bennet, J.C., eds. (1999). Advances in the Crystallographic and Microstructural Analysis of Charge Density Wave Modulated Crystals, Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Bradshaw, A.M., Scheffler, K., King, D.A., and Woodruff, D.P., eds. (1983), The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces and Heterogeneous Catalysis, Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Brauer, H.E., Starnberg, H.I., Hollenboom, L.J., and Hughes, H.P. (1995), “In situ intercalation of the layered compounds TiS2, ZrSe2 and VSe2”, Surf. Sci. 333, 419–424.
Brauer, H.E., Ekvall, I., Olin, H., Starnberg, H.I, Wahlstrom, E., Hughes, H.P., and Strocov, V.N. (1997), “Na intercalation of VSe2 studied by photoemission and scanning tunneling microscopy”, Phys. Rev. B 55, 10022–10026.
Brauer, H.E, Starnberg, H.I, Holleboom, L.J., Strocov, V.N., and Hughes, H.P. (1998), “Electronic structure of pure and alkali-metal-intercalated VSe2”, Phys. Rev. B 58, 10031–10045.
Brauer, HE, Starnberg, H.I, Holleboom, L.J., Hughes, H.P, and Strocov, V.N. (1999), “Modifying the electronic structure of TiS2 by alkali metal intercalation”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11, 8957–8973.
Briggs, D. (1977), Handbook of X-ray and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Heyden, London.
Bronold, M., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1991), “Alkali metal intercalation into SnS2”, Appl. Phys. A 52, 171–179.
Burdett, J.K. (1996), “Electronic structure and properties of solids”, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13263–13274.
Butz, T., Flagmeyer, R.H., Jankuhn, S., Reinert, T., Dasilva, MR, Soares, J.C., and Troger, W. (1998), “RBS studies of the intercalation compound HgxTiS2: Morphology and staging”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 138, 253–257.
Cai, S.H., and Liu, C.W. (1996), “Studies on the band structures of some layered transition metal dichalcogenides”, Theochem 362, 379–385.
Cardona, M., and Ley, L., eds. (1979), Photoemission in Solids, Springer, Berlin.
Clerc, D.G., Poshusta, R.D., and Hess, A.C. (1996), “Periodic Hartree-Fock study of TiS2”, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 15735–15747.
Clerc, D.G., Poshusta, R.D., and Hess, A.C. (1997), “Periodic Hartree-Fock study of LixTiS2, 0<=x<=1: The structural, plastic, and electronic effects of lithium intercalation in TiS2”, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 8926–8931.
Cohen, S.R., Rapoport, L., Ponomarev, E.A., Cohen, H., Tsirlina, T., Tenne, R., and Levy-Clement, C. (1998), “The tribological behavior of type II textured MX2 (M=Mo, W, X=S, Se) films”, Thin Solid Films 324, 190–197.
Cohen, S.R., Feldman, Y., Cohen, H., and Tenne, R. (1999), “Nanotribology of novel metal dichalcogenides”, Appl. Surf. Sci. 145, 603–607.
Crawack, H.J., Tomm, Y., and Pettenkofer, C. (2000), “Localization and charge density wave transformation in Cs intercalated 1T-TaSe2”, Surf. Sci. 465, 301–309.
Crawack, H.J., and Pettenkofer, C. (2001), “Calculation and XPS measurements of the Ta4f CDW splitting in Cu, Cs and Li intercalation phases of 1T-TaX2 (X = S, Se)”, Solid State Commun. 118, 325–332.
Dahn, J.R., Dahn, DC., and Haering, R.R. (1982), “Elastic energy and staging in intercalation compounds”, Solid State Commun. 42, 179–183.
Dahn, J.R., and McKinnon, W.R. (1984), “Lithium intercalation in 2H-LixTaS2”, J. Phys. C 17, 4231–4243.
Di Salvo, F.J., Moncton, D.E., and Waszczak, J.V. (1976), “Electronic properties and superlattice formation in the semimetal TiSe2”, Phys. Rev. B 14, 4321–4328.
Di Salvo, F.J. (1977), “Charge Density Waves in Layered Compounds”. in Electron-Phonon Interactions and Phase Transitions (T. Riste, ed.), Plenum Press, New York and London.
Dijkstra, J., van Bruggen, C.F., and de Haas, C. (1989a), “The electronic structure of some monovalent-metal intercalates of TiS2”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1, 4297–4309.
Dijkstra, J., Zijlema, P., van Bruggen, C.F., Haas, C., and de Groot, R.A. (1989b), “Band-structure calculations of Fe1/3TaS2 and Mn1/3TaS2, and transport and magnetic properties of Fe0.28TaS2”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1, 6363–6379.
Dresselhaus, M.S., and Dresselhaus, F. (1981), “Intercalation compounds of graphite”, Adv. Phys. 30, 139–326. Dresselhaus, M.S., ed. (1986), Intercalation in Layered Materials, Vol. B 148. Perseus, New York. Ertl, G., and Küppers, J. (1985), Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry, WCH, Weinheim.
Eyert, V. (1997), “Electronic structure calculations for crystalline materials”, in Density functional methods: applications in chemistry and materials science (M. Springborg, ed.), Wiley, Sussex.
Fang, C.M., Wiegers, G.A., Meetsma, A., de Groot, R.A., and Haas, C. (1996), “Crystal structure and band structure calculations of Pb1/3TaS2 and Sn1/3NbS2”, Physica B 226, 259–267.
Fang, C.M., de Groot, R.A., and Haas, C. (1997), “Bulk and surface electronic structure of 1T-TiS2 and 1T-TiSe2”, Phys. Rev. B 56, 4455–4463.
Fargues, D., Tyuliev, G., Brojerdi, G., Eddrief, M., and Balkanski, M. (1997), “Ultra-high vacuum deposition of sodium on indium monoselenide: Intercalation or chemical reaction?”, Surf. Sci. 370, 201–208.
Feuerbach, B., Fitton, B., and Willis, R.F., eds. (1978), Photoemission and the Electronic Properties of Surfaces,. Wiley, New York.
Foulias, S.D., Vlachos, D.S., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Yavor, R., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1996), “A synchrotron radiation study of the interaction of Na with WSe2 and TaSe2: Oxygen-induced deintercalation”, Surf. Sci. 352, 463–467.
Fredenhagen, K., and Cadenbach, G. (1926), Z Anorg. Allg. Chem. 158, 249.
Friend, R.H., and Yoffe, A.D. (1987), “Electronic properties of intercalation complexes of the transition metal dichalcogenides”, Adv. Phys. 36, 1–94.
Fuggle, J.C., and Martensson, N. (1980), “Core-level binding energies in metals”, J. Electr. Spectr. Rel. Phen. 21, 275–281.
Fujimori, A., Suga, S., Negishi, H., and Inoue, M. (1988), “X-ray photoemission and Auger-electron spectroscopic study of the electronic structure of intercalation compounds MxTiS2 (M=Mn,Fe,Co, and Ni)”, Phys. Rev. B 38, 3676–3689.
Ganal, P., Olberding, W., Butz, T., and Ouvrard, G. (1993), “Soft chemistry induced host metal coordination change from octahedral to trigonal prismatic in 1T-TaS2”, Solid State Ionics 59, 313.
Gerischer, H., Decker, F., and Scrosati, B. (1994), “The electronic and the ionic contribution to the free energy of alkali metals in intercalation compounds”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141, 2297–2300.
Golan, Y., Drummond, C., Homyonfer, M., Feldman, Y., Tenne, R., and Israelachvili, J. (1999), “Microtribology and direct force measurement of WS2 nested fullerene-like nanostructures”, Advan. Mater. 11, 934.
Grasso, V., ed. (1986). “Electronic Structure and Electronic Transitions in Layered Materials,”. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Grasso, V., and Mondio, G. (1986), in Electronic Structure and Electronic Transitions in Layered Materials (V. Grasso, ed.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Heitmann, J., McCallum, J., Troger, W., and Butz, T. (1999), “Silver intercalation in titanium disulphide”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 158, 689–694.
Hibma, T. (1980), “Ordering of the alkali-ions in NaxTiS2 and LixTiS2”, Physica B 99, 136–140.
Hibma, T. (1982), “Structural aspects of monovalent cation intercalates of layered dichalcogenides”. in Intercalation Chemistry (M.S. Whittingham and A.J. Jacobson, eds.), Academic press, New York.
Hughes, H.P., and Pollak, R. (1976), “Charge density waves in layered metals observed by x-ray photoemission”, Philos. Mag. 34, 1025–1046.
Hughes, H.P., and Scarfe, J.A. (1996a), “Lineshapes in core-level photoemission from metals. 1. Theory and computational analysis”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 1421–1438.
Hughes, H.P., and Scarfe, J.A. (1996b), “Lineshapes in core-level photoemission from metals. 3. Sitedependent screening in the charge density wave materials 1T-and 4H(b)-TaS2”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 1457–1473.
Hughes, H.P., and Scarfe, J.A. (2000a), “Electronic Structure from Core Level Lineshapes in Charge Density Wave and Intercalate Systems”, in Electron Spectroscopies Applied to Low-Dimensional Materials (H.P. Hughes and H.I. Starnberg, eds), Vol. 24, pp. 99–160. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Hughes, H.P., and Starnberg, H.I., eds. (2000b). “Electron Spectroscopies Applied to Low-Dimensional Materials,” Vol. 24. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Jacobson, A.J. (1982), in Intercalation Chemistry (A.J. Jacobson and M.S. Whittingham, eds.), Academic Press, New York.
Jaegermann, W. (1986), “Simulation of Photoactive Semiconductor Interfaces in the UHV: Adsorption of Halogens on n-MoSe2”, in Electrochem. Soc. Conf. Fall.
Jaegermann, W., Ohuchi, F.S., and Parkinson, B.A. (1989), “Electrochemical and Solid State Reactions of Copper with n-SnS2”, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 93, 29.
Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Parkinson, B.A. (1990), “Cu and Ag deposition on layered p-type WSe2: Approaching the Schottky limit”, Phys. Rev. B 42, 7487–7496.
Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., Schellenberger, A., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., and Kamaratos, M. (1994), “Photoelectron spectroscopy of UHV in situ intercalated Li/TiSe2. Experimental proof of the rigid band model”, Chem. Phys. Letters 221, 441–446.
Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., Henrion, O., Tomm, Y., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Kamaratos, M., and Papageorgopoulos, D.C (1996), “Surface science investigations of Cu intercalation in 1T TaSe2 and TiSe2 and its deintercalation by adsorbed Br2”, Ionics 2, 201.
Jaegermann, W., Klein, A., and Pettenkofer, C. (2000), “Electronic Properties of van der Waals-Epitaxy Films and Interfaces in Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-Dimensional Structures”, in Electron Spectroscopies Applied to Low-Dimensional Materials (H.P. Hughes and H.I. Starnberg, eds.), Vol. 24, pp. 317. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Jones, H. (1934), Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 144, 225.
Julien, C., and Stoynov, Z., eds. (2000), Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries,. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Kamaratos, M., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Lehmann, J. (1997), “Adsorption of Br2 on Na-intercalated n-WSe2: Br-induced deintercalation”, Surf. Sci. 377, 659–663.
Kamaratos, M., Saltas, V., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Tonti, D. (1998), “Interaction of Na and Cl2 on WSe2(0001) surfaces chlorine-induced Na deintercalation”, Surf. Sci. 404, 37–41.
Kamaratos, M., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1999a), “Cesium deintercalation by Li or Na deposited on 1T-TaSe2 (0001) surfaces”, Appl. Surf. Sci. 147, 101–106.
Kamaratos, M., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1999b), “Interaction between Li and Na intercalated into 1T-TaSe2 layer compounds”, Surf. Rev. Lett. 6, 205–211.
Kim, Y.S., Koyama, Y., Tanaka, I., and Adachi, H. (1998a), “Chemical bondings around intercalated Li atoms in LiTiX2 (X = S, Se, and Te)”, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt.1 37, 6440–6445.
Kim, Y.S., Mizuno, M., Tanaka, I., and Adachi, H. (1998b), “Electronic structures and chemical bonding of TiX2 (X = S, Se, and Te)”, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Pt.1 37, 4878–4883.
Koch, E.E., ed. (1983), Handbook of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. la, 1b. North Holland, Amsterdam.
Koma, A. (1992), “Van der Waals epitaxy-a new epitaxial growth method for a highly lattice-mismatched system”, Thin Solid Films 216, 72–76.
Kotani, A., and Toyozawa, Y. (1974), “Photoelectron spectra of core electrons in metals with incomplete shells”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 37, 912–919.
Kunz, C., ed. (1979), Synchrotron Radiation, Techniques and Applications, Springer, Berlin.
Lazzari, M., Razzini, G., and Scrosati, B. (1976), “An investigation on various cathodic materials in copper solid-state power sources” J. Power Sources, 1, 57–63.
Lee, P.A., ed. (1976), Optical and Electrical Properties, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Levy, F., ed. (1976), Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Levy, F.A., ed. (1979), Intercalated Layered Materials, Vol. 6. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Liang, W.Y. (1986), “Electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides and their intercalation complexes”, in Intercalation in Layered Materials (M.S. Dresselhaus, ed.), Vol. B 148, pp. 31. Perseus Publishing, New York.
Lide, D.R. (1997), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78th/Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Mahan, G. (1967), “Excitons in Metals: Infinite Hole Mass”, Phys. Rev. 163, 612–617.
Manriquez, V., Ruizleon, D., Lara, N., and Gonzalez, G. (1995), “Layered transition-metal dichalcogenides MX2(M=Nb, Ta; X=S, Se, Te): Structure of new phases of tantalum derivatives and intercalation of conducting polymers”, Bol. Soc. Chil. Quim. 40, 213–217.
Martinez, H., Auriel, C., Matar, S.F., and Pfister-Guillouzo, G. (1997), “Electronic structure of intercalated metal disulfide (Fe1/4TiS2) studied by XPS and theoretical calculations”, J. Electr. Spectr. Rel. Phen. 87, 19–30.
Maruta, R., Makita, A., and Ohshima, K. (1993), “Local structure of intercalants in layered compound Cu0.15Ti1.08S2”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 62, 3506–3512.
Matsushita, T., Suga, S., Tanaka, Y., Shigeoka, H., Nakatani, T., Okuda, T., Terauchi, T., Shishidou, T., Kimura, A., Daimon, H., Oh, S.J., Kakizaki, A., Kinoshita, T., Negishi, H., and Inoue, M. (1996), “Angleresolved photoemission study of MxTiS2 (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; x=l/3, 1/4)”, J. Electr. Spectr. Rel. Phen. 78, 477–480.
Mattheiss, L.F. (1973), “Band Structures of Transition-Metal-Dichalcogenide Layer Compounds”, Phys. Rev. 8, 3719–3740.
McCanny, J.V. (1979), “A theoretical study of the effects of lithium intercalation on the electronic structure of TiS2”, J. Phys. C 12, 3263–3276.
McKelvy, M.J., Sharma, R., and Glaunsinger, W.S. (1993), “Atomic-level imaging of intercalation reactions by DHRTEM”, Solid State Ionics 63-65, 369–377.
McKinnon, W.R. (1987), “Electronic structure of transition metal chalcogenides and their intercalation compounds”, in Chemical Physics of Intercalation (A.P. Legrand and S. Flandrois, eds.), Vol. B172, pp. 181–194. Plenum Press, New York.
McKinnon, W.R. (1995), “Insertion electrodes I: Atomic and electronic structure of the hosts and their insertion compounds”, in Solid State Electrochemistry (P.G. Bruce, ed.), pp. 163–198. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
McKinnon, W.R., and Haering, R.R. (1980), “Strain effects in intercalation systems”, Solid State Ionics 1, 111–120.
McKinnon, W.R., and Haering, R.R. (1983), “Physical Mechanisms of Intercalation”, in Modern Aspects of electrochemistry (R.E. White, J.O.M. Bockris and B.E. Conway, eds.), Vol. 15, pp. 235. Plenum Press, New York.
McKinnon, W.R., and Selwyn, L.S. (1987), “Ionic and electronic contributions to the Li chemical potential in LixRuzMo6-zSe8”, Phys. Rev. B 35, 7275–7278.
Molinie, P., Trichet, L., Rouxel, J., Berthier, C., Chabre, Y., and Segransan, P. (1984), “The Na-TiS2 system: a critical discussion of the phase boundaries, structural and NMR studies”, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 45, 105–112.
Motizuki, K., Nishio, Y., Shirai, M., and Suzuki, N. (1996), “Effect of intercalation on structural instability and superconductivity of layered 2H-type NbSe2 and NbS2”, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 57, 1091–1096.
Newmann, G.H., and Kiemann, L.P. (1980), “Ambient temperature cycling of an Na-TiS2 cell”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 2097–2099.
Nishio, Y., Shirai, M., Suzuki, N., and Motizuki, K. (1994), “Role of Electron-Lattice Interaction in Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide 2H-NbS. I. Phonon Anomaly and Superconductivity”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 63, 156–167.
Nozieres, C., and De Dominicis, C.T. (1969), “Singularities in the X-Ray Absorption and Emission of Metals. III. One-Body Theory Exact Solution”, Phys. Rev. 178, 1097–1107.
Nyholm, R., Martensson, N., Lebugle, A., and Axelsson, U. (1981), “Auger and Coster-Kronig broadening effects in the 2p and 3p photoelectron spectra from the metals 22Ti-30Zn”, J. Phys. F 11, 1727–1733.
Ohuchi, F.S., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Parkinson, B.A. (1989), “Semiconductor to Metal Transition of WS2 induced by K intercalation in ultrahigh vacuum”, Langmuir 5, 439.
Ouvrard, G., and Wu, Z.Y. (1997), “XAFS study of charge transfer in intercalation compounds”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 133, 120–126.
Papageorgopoulos, C.A., and Jaegermann, W. (1995), “Li intercalation across and along the van der Waals surfaces of MoS2(0001)”, Surf. Sci. 338, 83–93.
Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Kamaratos, M., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Henrion, O. (1997), “Adsorption of Br2 on Na-intercalated layered compounds: bromine-induced deintercalation”, Surf. Rev. Lett. 4, 237–244.
Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Kamaratos, M., Saltas, V., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Tonti, D. (1998), “Na and Cl2 interaction on 1T and 2H-TaSe2(0001) surfaces”, Surf. Rev. Lett. 5, 997–1005.
Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Kamaratos, M., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1999), “Exchange reaction between Li and Na intercalated into TiS2”, Surf. Sci 436, 213–219.
Pauling, L. (1960), The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York.
Peierls, R.E. (1955), Quantum Theory of Solids, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Pendry, J.B. (1974), Low Energy Electron Diffraction, Academic Press, New York.
Pervov, V.S., Volkov, V.V., Falkengof, A.T., Makhonina, E.V., and Elizarova, N.V. (1996), “Origin of structural instability in metal-intercalated layered dichalcogenides”, Inorg. Mat. 32, 597–600.
Pettenkofer, C., Jaegermann, W., Schellenberger, A., Holub-Krappe, E., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., Kamaratos, M., and Papageorgopoulos, A. (1992), “Cs Deposition on Layered 2H TaSe2 (0001) Surfaces — Adsorption or Intercalation?”, Solid State Commun. 84, 921–926.
Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1994), “Charge-density-wave transformation induced by Na intercalation into 1T-TaS2”, Phys. Rev. B 50, 8816–8823.
Pollak, R., Eastmann, D., Himpsel, F., Heimann, P., and Reihl, B. (1981), “1T-TaS2 charge-density-wave metal-insulator transition and Fermi-surface modification observed by photoemission”, Phys. Rev. B 24, 7435–7438.
Py, M.A., and Haering, R.R. (1983), “Structural destabilization induced by lithium intercalation in MoS2 and related compounds”, Can. J. Phys. 61, 76–84.
Rapoport, L., Bilik, Y., Feldman, Y., Homyonfer, M., Cohen, S.R., and Tenne, R. (1997), “Hollow nanoparticles of WS2 as potential solid-state lubrificants”, Nature 387, 791–793.
Remskar, M., Popovic, A., and Starnberg, H.I. (1999), “Stacking transformation and defect creation in Cs intercalated TiS2 single crystals”, Surf. Sci. 430, 199–205.
Rouxel, J. (1979), in Crystallography and crystal chemistry of materials with layered structures (F. Levy, ed.), Vol. 6, pp. 201. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Rüdorff, W., and Sick, H.H. (1959), “Einlagerungsverbindungen von Alkali-und Erdalkalimetallen in Molibdän-und Wolframdisulfid”, Angew. Chem. 71, 127.
Scarfe, J.A., and Hughes, H.P. (1989), “Core-level linehapes in photoemission from transition-metal intercalates of TaS2”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1, 6865–6875.
Schellenberger, A. (1992). Photoelektronspektroskopie an in-situ präparierten Alkali/Schichtgitter-Grenzflächen, Ph.D. Thesis, Freie Universität, Berlin.
Schellenberger, A., Schlaf, R., Mayer, T., Holub-Krappe, E., Pettenkofer, C., Jaegermann, W., Ditzinger, U.A., and Neddermeyer, H. (1991), “Na adsorption on the layered semiconductors SnS2 and WSe2”, Surf. Sci. 241, L25–L29.
Schellenberger, A., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., Papageorgopoulos, C.A., and Kamaratos, M. (1992a), “Alkali Intercalation into Layered Compounds — UHV Insitu Preparation and Reactivity”, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 96, 1755–1761.
Schellenberger, A., Schlaf, R., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1992b), “Synchrotron-induced surfacephotovoltage saturation at intercalated Na/WSe2 interfaces”, Phys. Rev. B 45, 3538–3545.
Schellenberger, A., Schlaf, R., Pettenkofer, C., and et al. (1993), “XPS and SXPS studies on in-situ prepared Na/InSe insertion compounds”, Solid State Ionics 66, 307–312.
Schellenberger, A., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., Kamaratos, M., and Papageorgopoulos, C.A. (1994a), “Li Insertion into 2H-WS2 — Electronic Structure and Reactivity of the UHV Insitu Prepared Interface”, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 98, 833–841.
Schellenberger, A., Lehmann, J., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (1994b), “Electronic Structure of in-situ (in UHV) prepared Li/InSe Insertion Compounds”, Solid State Ionics 74, 255.
Schellenberger, A., Jaegermann, W., Pettenkofer, C., and Tomm, Y. (1995), “Electronic structure and electrochemical potential of electrons during alkali intercalation in layered materials”, Ionics 1, 115–124.
Sellmyer, D.J. (1978), “Electronic Structure of Metallic Compounds and Alloys: Experimental Aspects”, in Solid State Physics (H. Ehrenreich, F. Seitz and D. Turnbull, eds.), Vol. 33, pp. 83–248. Academic press, New York.
Sharma, S., Nautiyal, T., Singh, G.S., Auluck, S., Blaha, P., and Ambrosch Draxl, C. (1999), “Electronic structure of 1T-TiS2”, Phys. Rev. B 59, 14833–14836.
Silbernagel, B.G., and Whittingham, M.S. (1976a), “The physical properties of the NaxTiS2 intercalation compounds: A synthetic and NMR study”, Mat. Res. Bull., 11, 29–36.
Silbernagel, B.G., and Whittingham, M.S. (1976b), “An NMR study of the alkali metal intercalation phase LixTiS2: Relation to structure, thermodynamics, and ionicity”, J. Chem. Phys., 64, 3670–3673.
Somorjai, G.A. (1994), Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York.
Starnberg, H.I. (2000), “Recent developments in alkali metal intercalation of layered transition metal dichalcogenides”, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 14, 455–471.
Starnberg, H.I., and Hughes, H.P. (1987), “Photo-emission study of in-situ intercalation of TiS2 with Ag”, J. Phys. C 20, 4429–4436.
Starnberg, H.I., Brauer, H.E., and Hughes, H.P. (1996), “Photoemission studies of the conduction band filling in Ti1.05S2 and Cs-intercalated TiS2 and ZrSe2”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 1229–1234.
Starnberg, H.I., Brauer, H.E., and Hughes, HP. (1997a), “Exchange reaction between intercalated Na and K studied by synchrotron radiation”, Surf. Sci. 377, 828–832.
Starnberg, H.I., Brauer, H.E., and Strocov, V.N. (1997b), “Low temperature adsorption of Cs on layered TiS2 studied by photoelectron spectroscopy”, Surf. Sci. 384, L785–L790.
Starnberg, H.I., Brauer, H.E., and Hughes, H.P. (2000), “Photoemission from intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides”. in Electron Spectroscopies Applied to Low-Dimensional Materials (H.P. Hughes and H.I. Starnberg, eds.), Vol. 24, pp. 41–98. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Su, C.Y., Lindau, I., Chye, P.W., Oh, S.J., and Spicer, W.E. (1983), “Photoemission studies of clean and oxidized Cs”, J. Electr. Spectr. Rel. Phen. 31, 221–259.
Subba Rao, G.V., and Shafer, M.W. (1979), in Intercalated layered materials (F. Lévy, ed.), pp. 99. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Tenne, R., Margulis, L., and Hodes, G. (1993), “Fullerene-Like Nanocrystals of Tungsten Disulfide”, Advan. Mater. 5, 386–388.
Thompson, A.H. (1978), “Lithium ordering in LixTiS2”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 1511–1514.
Tillement, O., and Quarton, M. (1993), “Theoretical study of ordering effects during electrochemical insertion”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 140, 1870.
Tonti, D. (2000). Photoelectron spectroscopy study of the intercalation reaction of alkali metals in transition metal dichalcogenides. Ph.D., Freie Universität, Berlin
Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., Jaegermann, W., Papageorgopoulos, D.C., Kamaratos, M., and Papageorgopoulos, C.A. (1998), “Alkali displacements in intercalated 1T-TaSe2”, Ionics 4, 93–100.
Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (2000a), “In-situ photoelectron spectroscopy study of a TiS2 cathode in an operating battery system”, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 3, 220–223.
Tonti, D., Pettenkofer, C., and Jaegermann, W. (2000b), “In-situ photoelectron spectroscopy study of a TiS2 thin film cathode in an operating Na intercalation electrochemical cell”, Ionics 6, 196–202.
Tributsch, H. (1977), “Solar energy-assisted electrochemical splitting of water”, Z Naturforsch. 32a, 972–985.
Umrigar, C., Ellis, D.E., Wang, D.S., Krakauer, H., and Posternak, M. (1982), “Band structure, intercalation, and interlayer interactions of transition-metal dichalcogenides: TiS2 and LiTiS2”, Phys. Rev. B 26, 4935–4950.
van Hove, M.A., Weinberg, W.H., and Chan, C.M. (1979), Low Energy Electron Diffraction, Springer, Berlin.
Vante, N.A., Jaegermann, W., Tributsch, H., Hönle, W., and Yvon, K. (1987), “Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction by Chalcogenides Containing Mixed Transition Metal Clusters”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3251–3257.
Vescoli, V., Degiorgi, L., Berger, H., and Forro, L. (1998), “Dynamics of correlated two-dimensional materials: The 2H-TaSe2 case”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 453–456.
Weitering, H.H., and Hibma, T. (1991), “Growth and electronic structure of some monovalent metals on TiS2(001)”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3, 8535–8564.
Whitefield, R., and Brady, J. (1971), “New value for work function of sodium and the observation of surfaceplasmon effects”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 380–383.
Whittingham, M.S. (1976a), “Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry”, Science 192, 1126–1127.
Whittingham, M.S. (1976b), “Role of ternary phases in cathode reactions. (Li/oxides or Sulfides.)”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 123, 315–320.
Whittingham, M.S. (1978), “Chemistry of intercalation compounds: metal guests in chacogenide hosts”, Prog. Solid State Chem. 12, 41–99.
Whittingham, M.S. (1981), “Lithium incorporation in crystalline and amorphous chalcogenides: thermodynamics, mechanism and structure”, J. Electroanal. Chem. 118, 229–239.
Whittingham, M.S. (1982), in Intercalation Chemistry (M.S. Whittingham and A.J. Jacobson, eds.). D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Whittingham, M.S., and Gamble, F.R. (1975), “The lithium intercalates of the transition metal dichalcogenides”, Mat. Res. Bull. 10, 363–379.
Wiegers, G.A. (1980), “Physical properties of first-row transition metal dichalcogenides and their intercalates”, Physica B 99, 151–165.
Wilson, J.A., and Yoffe, A.D. (1969), “The transition metal dichalcogenides. Discussion and interpretation of the observed optical, electrical and structural properties”, Adv. Phys. 18, 193–335.
Wilson, J.A., Di Salvo, F.J., and Mahajan, S. (1974), “Charge-density waves in metallic, layered, transitionmetal-dichalcogenides”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 882–885.
Wilson, J.A., Di Salvo, F.J., and Mahajan, S. (1975), “charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides”, Adv. Phys. 24, 117–201.
Woodruff, D.P., and Delchar, T.A. (1986), Modem Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Wu, Z.Y., Ouvrard, G., Lemaux, S., Moreau, P., Gressier, P., Lemoigno, F., and Rouxel, J. (1996), “Sulfur Kedge x-ray-absorption study of the charge transfer upon lithium intercalation into titanium disulfide”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2101–2104.
Wu, Z.Y., Lemaux, S., Moreau, P., Gressier, P., Lemoigno, F., and Ouvrard, G. (1997), “XANES study of the charge transfer upon lithium intercalation into lamellar transition metal dichalcogenides”, Journal de Physique IV 7, 257–258.
Yang, D., Westreich, P., and Frindt, R.F. (1999), “Transition metal dichalcogenide/polymer nanocomposites”, Nanostructured Materials 12, 467–470.
Yeh, J.J., and Lindau, I. (1985), “Atomic subshell photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters: 1 ≤ Z ≤ 103”, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 32, 1–55.
Zanini, M., Shaw, J.L., and Tennenhouse, G.J.(1981), “The behaviour of Na-TiS2 and Na-TiS3 as solid solution electrodes”, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128, 1647–1650.
Zonneville, M.C., Hoffmann, R., and Harris, S. (1988), “Thiophene hydrodesulfurization on MoS2; theoretical aspects”, Surf. Sci. 199, 320–360.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jaegermann, W., Tonti, D. (2002). Surface Science Investigations of Intercalation Reactions with Layered Metal Dichalcogenides. In: Julien, C., Pereira-Ramos, J.P., Momchilov, A. (eds) New Trends in Intercalation Compounds for Energy Storage. NATO Science Series, vol 61. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0389-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0389-6_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0595-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0389-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive