Abstract
This paper discusses General Relativistic Aspects of Cosmology. Thus it will make only passing reference to astrophysical aspects of cosmology, and such features as GUTS, quantum gravity, etc. (these are covered in depth in recent reviews, e.g. Balian et al., 1980; Gibbons, Hawking and Siklos, 1983; Royal Society 1983).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrecht, A., and Steinhard, P.: 1982, “Cosmology for grand unified theories with radiatively induced symmetry breaking”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,48, 1220.
Bailey, I., and Israel, W.: 1975, “Lagrangian dynamics of spinning particles and polarized media in general relativity”, Commun. Math. Phys., 42, 65.
Balian, R., Audage, J., and Schramm, D.N. (eds): 1980, Physical Cosmology (Les Houches, 1979), North Holland, Amsterdam.
Barrow, J.D.: 1976, “Light elements and the isotropy of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 175, 359.
Barrow, J.D.: 1977, “A chaotic cosmology”, Nature, 267, 117.
Barrow, J.D.:.1983, “Cosmology and elementary particle Physics”, Fun dam. Cosmic. Phys., 8, 83.
Barrow, J.D., and Matzner, R.A.: 1977, “The homogeneity and isotropy of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 181, 719.
Batchelor, G.K.: 1964, Homogeneous Turbulence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bertotti, B., de Felice, F., and Pascolini, A. (eds): 1983, 10th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation. Contributed papers, Vols. 1–2, CNR, Roma.
Bondi, H.: 1960, Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bourassa, R.R., and Kantowski, R.: 1975, “The theory of transparent gravitational lenses”, Astrophys. J., 195, 13.
Box, T. and Roeder, R.C.: 1983, “An investigation of quasar redshifts and metric distance”, in Bertotti et al., 1983, p. 795.
Callan C., Dicke, R.H., and Peebles, P.J.E.: 1965, “Cosmology and Newtonian mechanics”, Am.J. Phys., 33, 105.
Canizares, C.R.: 1981, “Gravitational focussing and the association of distant quasars with foreground galaxies”, Nature, 291, 620.
Canizares, C.R.: 1982, “Manifestations of a cosmological density of compact objects in quasar light”, Astrophys. J., 263, 508.
Carr, B., and Rees, M.J.: 1979, “The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world”, Nature, 278, 605.
Carter, B.: 1974, “Large number coincidences and the anthropic principle in cosmology”, in M.S. Longair (ed.), Confrontation of Cosmological Theory with Observational Data, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, p.291.
Carter, B.: 1983, “The anthropic principle and its implications for biological evolution”, Talk given at Roy. Soc. Meeting (see Royal Society, 1983).
Clarke, C.J.S.: 1983, “Compact Cosmologies”, Unpublished.
Collins, C.B., and Ellis, G.F.R.: 1979, “Singularities in Bianchi Cosmologies”, Phys. Rep., 56C, 65.
Collins, C.B., and Hawking, S.W.: 1973a, “The rotation and distortion of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 162, 307.
Collins, C.B., and Hawking, S.W.: 1973b, “Why is the universe isotropic?”, Astrophys. J., 239, 317.
Dautcourt, G.: 1977, “The cosmological problem as an initial value problem on the observerfs past light cone”, in GR8. Abstracts of the Contributed Papers, University of Waterloo, Waterloo.
Davies, P.C.W.: 1978, The Arrow of Time in Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
De Vaucouleurs, G.: 1970, “The case for a hierarchical cosmology”, Science, 167, 1203.
DeWitt, B., and DeWitt, C.: 1973, Black Roles, Gordon and Breach, New York.
Dicke, R.H.: 1961, “Dirac’s Principle and Cosmology”, Nature, 192, 440.
Dyer, C.C., and Roeder, R.C.: 1974, “Observations in locally inhomogeneous cosmological models”, Astrophys. J., 189, 167.
Dyer, C.C., and Roeder, R.C.: 1975, “Apparent magnitudes, redshifts and inhomogeneities in the universe”, Astrophys. J., 196, 671.
Eddington, A.S.: 1930, “On the instability of Einstein’s spherical world”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 90, 668.
Ehlers, J.: 1961, “Beitrage zur relativistischen Mechanik Kontinuerlichen Medien”, Akad. Wiss. u Litt. Mainz Abh. Math-Naturwissens, K1, 11.
Ehlers, J.: 1971, “General Relativity and Kinetic Theory”, in Sachs, 1971, p. 1.
Ehlers, J.: 1973, “Survey of General Relativity Theory”, in W. Israel (ed.), Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
Ehlers, J. (ed.): 1979, Isolated Gravitating Systems in General Relativity, Academic Press, New York.
Ehlers, J.: 1980, “Isolated systems in general relativity”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 336, 279.
Ehlers, J.: 1981, “Christoffel’s work on the equivalence problem and its importance for modern field theories of physics”, in P.L. Butzer, and F. Feher (eds), E.B. Christoffel, Birkauser Basel, p. 526.
Einstein, A.: 1950, The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton University Press, 3rd Ed., Princeton, pp. 107–108.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1967, “The dynamics of pressure free matter in relativity”, J. Math. Rhys., 8, 1171.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1971a, “Topology and Cosmology”, Gen. Rel. Grav.,2, 7.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1971b, “Relativistic Cosmology”, in Sachs, 1971.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1975, “Cosmology and verifiability”, Q.J.R. Astron. Soc., 16, 245.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1979, “The homogeneity of the universe”, Gen. Rel. Grav., 11, 281.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1980a, “Limits to verification in cosmology”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 336, 130.
Ellis, G.F.R.: 1980b, “Cosmology: Observational Verification, Certainty and Uncertainty”, South African J. of Sciences, 76, 504.
Ellis, G.F.R., and Baldwin, J.E.: 1984, “On the expected anisotropy of radio source counts”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 206, 377.
Ellis, G.F.R., and Brundrit, G.B.: 1979, “Life in the infinite universe”, Q.J.R. Astron. Soc.,20, 37.
Ellis, R.S., Fong, R., and Phillipps, S.: 1977, “Angular diameter counts of galaxies: a method for determining the selection criteria for deepSchmidt plates”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 181, 163.
Ellis, G.F.R., and Harrison, E.R.: 1974, “Cosmological Principles I. Symmetry Principles”, Comments Astrophys. & Space Phys., 6, 23.
Ellis, G.F.R., and King, A.R.: 1974, “Was the Big Bang a Whimper?”, Commun. Math. Phys. 38, 119.
Ellis, G.F.R., Maartens, R., and Nel, S.D.: 1978, “The expansion of the Universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 154, 187.
Ellis, G.F.R., Maartens, R., and Nel, S.D.: 1981, “Observational Cosmology I: Ideal Cosmographic Observations” Preprint University of Cape Town.
Ellis, G.F.R., Matravers, D.R., and Treciokas, R.: 1983, “Anisotropic Solutions of the Einstein-Boltzmann Equations”, Annals of Physics 150, 487.
Ellis, G.F.R., and Perry, J.J.: 1979, “Towards a ‘correctionless’observational cosmology”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 187, 357.
Ellis, G.F.R., Perry, J.J., and Sievers, A.: 1983, “Cosmological observations of galaxies: the observational map”, Preprint MPI Radioastronomie, Bonn.
Ellis, G.F.R., and Sciama, D.W.: 1972, “Global and non-global problems in cosmology”, in L.O.’Raiffear-taigh (ed.), General Relativity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 35.
Ellis, J., and Olive, K.A.: 1983, “Inflation can solve the rotation problem”, Nature, 303, 679.
Fang, L.Z., and Sato, H.: 1983, “Is the periodicity in the distribution of quasar redshifts an evidence of multiply connected universe?”, Preprint RFP-494, Kyoto, in Bertotti et al., 1983, p. 817.
Field, G.B., Arp, H., and Bahcall, J.N. (eds): 1973, The Redshift Controversy, Benjamin, New York.
Frankel, T., and Galloway, G.J.: 1981, “Energy density and spatial curvature in relativity”, J. Math. Phys., 22, 813.
Friedrich, H., and Stewart, J.M.: 1982, “Characteristic Initial Data and Wave Front Singularities in General Relativity”, Preprint MPA 17, Munich.
Fry, J.N., and Turner, M.S.: 1983, “Baryogenesis and supersymmetric GUTS”, Phys. Lett., 125B, 379.
Galloway, G.J.: 1982, “Some global properties of closed spatially homogeneous spacetimes”, Gen. Rel. Grav., 14, 87.
Geroch, R.: 1977, “Asymptotic structure of space-time”, in F.P. Esposito, and L. Witten (eds) Asymptotic Structure of Space Time, Plenum Press, New York, p. 1.
Geroch, R.: 1978, “Null infinity is not a good initial data surface”, J. Math. Phys., 19, 1300.
Gibbons, G.W., and Hawking, S.W.: 1977, ”Cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation”, Phys. Rev., D15, 1738.
Gibbons, G.W., Hawking, S.W., and Siklos, S.T.C. (eds): 1983, The Universe at Very Early Times, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gibbons, G.W., Hawking, S.W., Horowitz, G. and Perry, M.: 1983, “Positive Mass Theorems for Black Holes”, Commun. Math. Phys., 88, 295.
Gold, T. (ed.): 1967, The Nature of Time, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Goldberg, J.: 1972, “Conservation of Newmann-Penrose conserved quantities”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 28, 1400.
Gott, J.R.: 1980, “Chaotic cosmologies and the topology of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 193, 153.
Gott, J.R., Gunn, J.E., Schramm, D.M., and Tinsley, B.M.: 1974, “An Unbound Universe?”, Astrophys. J., 194, 543.
Gudehus, D.: 1972, “Cosmology and Information”, Rubi. Astron. Soc. Pac., 84, 818.
Gunn, J.E., Longair, M.S., and Rees, M.J.: 1978, Observational Cosmology, Swiss Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Geneva.
Guth, A.H.: 1981, “Inflationary universe: a possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems”, Phys. Rev., D23, 347.
Harrison, E.R.: 1968, “The Early Universe”, Phys. Today, 21, 31.
Harrison, E.R.: 1974, “Cosmological Principles II. Physical Principles”, Comments Astrophys. & Space Phys., 6, 29.
Hawking, S.W.: 1968, “Gravitational radiation in an expanding universe”, J. Math. Phys., 598.
Hawking, S.W.: 1969, “On the rotation of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 142, 129.
Hawking, S.W., and Ellis, G.F.R.: 1973, The Large Scale Structure of Space Time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hawking, S.W., and Israel, W. (eds): 1979, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hawking, S.W., and Moss, I.G.: 1982, “Supercooled phase transitions in the very early universe”, Phys. Lett., 110B, 35.
Hawking, S.W., and Page, D.N.: 1983, “Thermodynamics of Black-Holes in Anti-de Sitter Space”, Commun. Math. Phys., 87, 577.
Heckmann, O., and Schucking, E.: 1962, “Relativistic Cosmology”, in L. Witten (ed.), Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, Wiley, New York.
Heidmann, J.: 1980, Relativistic Cosmology, Springer, Berlin.
Held, A. (ed.): 1980, General Relativity and Gravitation, Vols. 1–2, Plenum Press, New York.
Horowitz, G.T., and Schmidt, B.G.: 1981, “Note on Gravitational Energy”, Preprint, MPI-PAE/Astro 286, Munich.
Hubble, E.P.: 1958, “The Law of the Redshifts”, George Darwin Lecture, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 113, 666.
Isaacson, R.A.: 1968a, “Gravitational radiation in the limit of high frequency I”, Phys. Rev., 166, 1263.
Isaacson, R.A.: 1968b, “Gravitational radiation in the limit of high frequency II”, Phys. Rev., 166, 1272.
Isenberg, J., and Wheeler, J.A.: 1979, “Inertia here is fixed by mass-energy there in every W model universe”, in M. Pantaleo, and F. de Finis (eds), Relativity, Quanta and Cosmology in the Development of the Scientific Thought of Albert Einstein, Johnson Reprint Corp.,New York.
Israel, W., and Stewart, J.M.: 1980, “Progress in Relativistic Thermodynamics and Electrodynamics of Continuous Media”, in Held, 1980, p. 491.
Jantzen, R.T.: 1979, “The dynamical degrees of freedom in spatially homogeneous cosmologies”, Commun. Math. Rhys., 64, 211.
Jantzen, R.T.: 1983, “Perfect fluid sources for spatially homogeneous spacetimes”, Ann. Rhys., 145, 378.
Jones, B.: 1976, “Galaxy formation”, Rev. Mod. Rhys., 48,107.
Kantowski, R.: 1969, “Corrections in the luminosity—redshift relation of the homogeneous Friedmann models”, Astrophys. J., 155, 89.
Karlhede, A., and MacCallum, M.A.H.: 1982, “On determining the isometry group of a Riemannian space”, Gen. Rel. Grav., 14, 673.
Kerr, R., and Goldberg, J.: 1964, “Asymptotic Properties of the Electromagnetic Field”, J. Math. Phys., 5, 172.
Kristian, J., and Sachs, R.K.: 1966, “Observations in Cosmology”, Astrophys. J., 143, 379.
Krolak, K.: 1983, “Definitions of black holes without the use of the boundary at infinity”, Gen. Rel. Grav., 14, 793.
Lilly, S., Longair, M., and McLean, I.: 1983, “A radio galaxy at high redshift undergoing strong stellar evolution”, Nature, 301, 488.
Linde, A.D.: 1982, “A new inflationary universe scenario”, Phys. Lett., 108B, 389.
Maartens, R.: 1980, “Idealized Observations in Relativistic Cosmology”, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Cape Town (unpublished).
Maartens, E., Ellis, G.F.R., Nel, S.D.: 1983, “Observational Cosmology III: Realistic Observations” in preparation.
MacCallum, M.A.H.: 1979a, “Anisotropic and inhomogeneous relativistic cosmologies”, in Hawking and Israel, 1979.
MacCallum, M.A.H.: 1979b, “The Mathematics of anisotropic spatially homogeneous cosmologies”, in M. Demianski (ed.), Physics of the Expanding Universe, Lectures Notes in Physics, Vol. 109, Springer, Berlin, p. 1.
Matzner, R.A.: 1968a, “3-Sphere ‘backgrounds’ for the space sections of the Taub cosmological solution”, J. Math. Phys., 9, 1063.
Matzner, R.A.: 1968b, “Almost symmetric spaces and gravitational radiation”, J. Math. Phys., 9, 1957.
McCrea, W.H.: 1935, “Observable relations in relativistic cosmology”, Z. Ap., 9, 290.
McCrea, W.H.: 1939, “Observable relations in relativistic cosmology”, Z. Ap., 18, 98.
McCrea, W.H.: 1953, “Cosmology”, Rep. Prog. Phys., 16, 321.
McCrea, W.H.: 1970, “A Philosophy for big-bang cosmology”, Nature, 228, 21.
Metzner, A.W.K., and Morrison, P.: 1959, “The flow of information in cosmological models”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 119, 657.
Milnor, J.: 1979, “Is space-time simply connected?” , Preprint.
Milnor, J.: 1982, “Hyperbolic Geometry: The First 150 Years”, Bull. Am. Math. Soc.,6, 9.
Misner, C.W.: 1968, “The isotropy of the universe”, Astrophys. J., 151, 431.
Misner, C.W.: 1969, “Mixmaster universe”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 22, 1071.
Mottola, E., and Lapedes, A.: 1983, “Inflationary universe with gravity”, Phys. Rev. D27, 2285.
Nel, S.D.: 1980, “Observational Space-Times”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cape Town (unpublished).
Nel, S.D., Stoeger, W.R., Ellis, G.F.R., Whitman, A.P., and Maartens, R.: 1983, “Observational cosmology II: ideal cosmological data”, Preprint University of Cape Town (unpublished).
Noerdlinger, P.D., and Petrosian, V.: 1971, “The effect of cosmological expansion on self-gravitating ensembles of particles”, Astrophys. J., 168, 1.
Olive, K.A., Schramm, D.N., Steigman, G., Turner, M.S., and Yang, J.: 1981, “Big Bang nucleosynthesis as a probe of cosmology and particle physics”, Astrophys. J., 246, 557.
Olson, D.W.: 1978, “Helium production and limits on the anisotropy of the universe”, Astrophys. J., 219,777.
Parker, L.: 1982, “Particle creation by the expanding universe”, Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics, 7, 201.
Parker, T., and Taubes, C.H.: 1982, “On Witten’s Proof of the Positive Energy Theorem”, Commun. Math. Phys., 84, 223.
Peebles, P.J.E.: 1972, “Light out of darkness vs order out of chaos”, Commun. Ast. Space Phys., 4, 53.
Penrose, R.: 1963, “Conformal treatment of infinity”, in C. DeWitt, and B. DeWitt (eds), Relativity, Groups and Topology, Gordon and Breach, New York, p. 565.
Penrose, R.: 1965, “Zero rest-mass fields including gravitational radiation: asymptotic behavior”, Proc. R. Soc., A284, 159.
Penrose, R.: 1979, “Singularities and time asymmetry”, in Hawking and Israel, 1979, p. 581.
Penrose, R.: 1980, “Some unsolved problems in classical relativity theory”, Preprint, Mathematical Institute, Oxford.
Penrose, R.: 1982, “Quasi-local mass and angular momentum in general relativity”, Preprint, Oxford University.
Penrose, R.: 1983, “Time asymmetry and quantum gravity” in Quantum Gravity II, a Second Oxford Symposium, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Plato: The Republic, Book 7.
Porrill, J., and Stewart, J.: 1981, “Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, in Schwarzschild Space- -Time”, Proc. R. Soc., A376, 451.
Press, W., and Bardeen, J.: 1971, “Non-conservation of Newmann-Penrose conserved quantities”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 27, 1303.
Raine, D.J.: 1975, “Mach’s principle in general relativity”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 171, 507.
Raine, D.J.: 1981, “Mach’s principle and space-time structure”, Rep. Prog. Phys., 11, 1151.
Raine, D.J.: 1982, “Mach’s principle and the microwave background”, Astrophys. Lett., 23, 37.
Rindler, W.: 1956, “Visual horizons in world models”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 116, 662.
Roodt, H.J.: 1981, “Clusters of galaxies”, Rep. Prog. Phys., 44, 1077.
Rosquist, K.: 1983, “On the structure of space-time caustics”, Commun. Math. Phys., 88, 339.
Rothman, T., and Matzner, R.: 1982, “Grand unified reactions and dissipation in anisotropic cosmologies”, Astrophys. J., 263, 501.
Royal Society: 1983, “The Constants of Physics”, Discussion Meeting, London, 25/26 May 1983, to be published in Philos. Trans. R. Soc.
Sachs, R.K.: 1961, “The outgoing radiation condition”, Proc. R. Soc., A264, 309.
Sachs, R.K. (ed.): 1971, General Relativity and Cosmology, Academic Press, New York.
Sandage, A., Tamman, G., and Yahil, A.: 1979, “The velocity field of nearby bright galaxies”, Astrophys. J., 732, 352.
Schattner, R., and Streubel, M.: 1980, “The connection between local and asymptotic structures for isolated gravitating systems with isometries”, Preprint MPI-PAE/Astro 237 Munich.
Schmidt, B.G.: 1974, “A new definition of conformal and projective infinity”, Commun. Math. Phys., 36, 73.
Schramm, D.N.: 1983, “The early universe and elementary particle physics”, Physics Today, 36, 27.
Sciama, D.W.: 1969, Physical foundations of General Relativity, Garden City, Doubleday.
Segal, I.E.: 1982, “A correction: the quadratic red-shift distance law and the observational magnitude cut-off bias”, Astrophys. J., 252, 37.
Segal, I.E.: 1983, “Distance and model dependence of observational galaxy cluster concept”, Astron. Astrophys., 123, 151.
Siklos, S.T.C.: 1981, “Non-scalar singularities in spatially homogeneous cosmologies”, Gen. Rel. Grav., 13, 433.
Sokolov, D.D., and Shvartsmann, V.F.: 1975, “An estimate of the size of the universe from a topological point of view”, Sov. Phys.-JETP, 39, 196.
Soneira, R.: 1979, “A cosmological redshift-distance square law?”, Astrophys. J. Lett., 230, L63.
Spero, A., and Baierlein, R.: 1977, “Approximate symmetry groups of inhomogeneous metrics”, J. Math. Phys., 18, 1330.
Spero, A., and Baierlein, R.: 1978, “Approximate symmetry groups of inhomogeneous metrics: examples”, J. Math. Phys., 19, 1324.
Stewart, J.M.: 1968, “Neutrino viscosity in cosmological models”, Astrophys. Lett., 2, 133.
Stewart, J.M., and Friedrich, H.: 1982, “Numerical relativity I. The characteristic initial value problem”, Proc. R. Soc., A384, 427.
Stock, J., and Schucking, E.: 1957, “Remarks on the magnitude of extragalactic nebulae”, Astrophys. J., 62, 98.
Szekeres, P.: 1971, “Linearized gravitational theory in macroscopic media”, Ann. Phys., 64, 599.
Tammann, G.A., Sandage, A., and Yahil, A.: 1980, “The determination of cosmological parameters”, in Balian et al., 1980, p. 53.
Taubes, C.H.: 1978, “Solution of the almost Killing equation and conformal almost-Killing equation in the Kerr Space-Time”, J. Math. Phys., 19, 1515.
Thurston, W.P.: 1982, “Three Dimensional Manifolds, Kleinian Groups and Hyperbolic Geometry”, Bull. Am. Math. Soc., 6, 357.
Tinsley, B.M.: 1970, “On the interpretation of galaxy counts”, Astrophys. J., 241, 41.
Tinsley, B.M.: 1980, “Cosmology and Galactic Evolution”, in Balian et al., 1980, p. 161.
Tipler, F.J.: 1977, “Black holes in closed universes”, Nature, 270, 500.
Tipler, F.J., Clarke, C.J.S., and Ellis, G.F.R.: 1980, “Singularities and Horizons - a Review Article”, in Held, 1980, vol. 2, p. 97.
Treciokas, R., and Ellis, G.F.R.: 1971, “Isotropic Solutions of the Einstein-Boltzmann Equation”, Commun. Math. Phys., 23, 1.
Turner, M.S., and Schramm, D.N.: 1979, “Cosmology and elementary particle physics”, Physics Today, September, p. 42.
Wald, R.: 1983, “Asymptotic behavior of homogeneous cosmological model in the presence of a positive cosmological constant”, Preprint, MPI-PAE/PTh 38/83, Munich.
Waylen, P.C.: 1978, “Green’s function in the early universe”, Proc. R. Soc., A362, 233.
Weedman, D., Weymann, R., Green, R., and Heckman, T.: 1982, “Discovery of a third gravitational lens”, Astrophys. J., 255, L5.
Weinberg, S.: 1973, Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, New York.
Wesson, P.: 1981, “How homogeneous is the universe?”, Astrophys. Lett., 21, 97.
Wheeler, J.A.: 1964, “Mach’s principle as boundary conditions for Einstein’s equations”, in H.Y. Chiu, and B. Hoffmann (eds), Gravitation and Relativity, Benjamin, New York, p. 303.
Wheeler, J.A.: 1968, Einsteins’s Vision, Springer Berlin.
Wheeler, J.A.: 1977, “Genesis and Observership”, in R.E. Butts, and K.J. Hintikka (eds), Foundational Problems in the Special Sciences , D. Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 3.
Whitrow, G.J., and Yallup, B.D.: 1964, “Background radiation in isotropic world models. I.”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 127, 301.
Yahil, A., Sandage, A., and Tammann, G.A.: 1980, “Deceleration of nearby galaxies”, in Balian et al., 1980, p. 127.
Zeldovich, Ya.B.: 1973a, “A hypothesis unifying structure and entropy of the universe”, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 160, 1P.
Zeldovich, Ya.B.: 1973b, “Structure (topology) of the universe”, Comments on Astrophys. Sp. Sci., 5, 169.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 D. Reidel Publishing Company
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ellis, G.F.R. (1984). Relativistic Cosmology: Its Nature, Aims and Problems. In: Bertotti, B., de Felice, F., Pascolini, A. (eds) General Relativity and Gravitation. Fundamental Theories of Physics, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6469-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6469-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-6471-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-6469-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive