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Book cover Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science

Abstract

Plant phenological observations and networks in North America have been largely local and regional in extent until recent decades. In the USA, cloned plant monitoring networks were the exception to this pattern, with data collection spanning the late 1950s until approximately the early 1990s. Animal observation networks, especially for birds have been more extensive. The USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN), established in the mid-2000s is a recent effort to operate a comprehensive national-scale network in the United States. In Canada, PlantWatch, as part of Nature Watch, is the current national-scale plant phenology program.

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Acknowledgments

United States section: Thanks to Glen Conner for information on Dr. Samuel D. Martin and other early phenological observers and networks. We appreciate careful reviews provided by E. Denny, S. Newman, S. Phillips, and E. Stancioff. Erin Posthumus provided content for Table 5.1.

Canada section: Thanks to these regional coordinators for their contributions: S. Bailleul, M. Bishop, B. Charles, N. Iwanycki, K. Monson, M. Priesnitz, S. Ripley, V. Roy McDougall, D. Trowsdale-Mutafov. M. Doyle and R. McLeman contributed information from Environment Canada and the University of Ottawa respectively.

L. Seale and M. Hall-Beyer kindly edited the article. Thanks to Environment Canada and Nature Canada for their help in coordinating and promoting the PlantWatch program. A bouquet of flowers to each of the almost 700 Albertans who observed and reported over the years starting in 1987!

This chapter complies with US Geological Survey Fundamental Science Practice standards. It has undergone peer and policy review and approval.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA

    Mark D. Schwartz

  2. Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Elisabeth G. Beaubien

  3. National Coordinating Office, USA National Phenology Network, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Theresa M. Crimmins & Jake F. Weltzin

Authors
  1. Mark D. Schwartz
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  2. Elisabeth G. Beaubien
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  3. Theresa M. Crimmins
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  4. Jake F. Weltzin
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark D. Schwartz .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Mark D. Schwartz

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Schwartz, M.D., Beaubien, E.G., Crimmins, T.M., Weltzin, J.F. (2013). North America. In: Schwartz, M. (eds) Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6925-0_5

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