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Photosynthesis in a CO2-Rich Atmosphere

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Photosynthesis

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 34))

Summary

The concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) in the atmosphere is projected to exceed 550 ppm by 2050. C3 plants respond directly to growth at elevated [CO2] by stimulation of photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance. The stimulation of photosynthesis is the result of increased velocity of carboxylation of CO2 by Rubisco and inhibition of the competing oxygenation reaction. Long-term exposure of C3 plants to elevated [CO2] can also lead to photosynthetic acclimation in which allocation of resources to components of the photosynthetic machinery, including Rubisco, is altered to optimize metabolic efficiency. The decrease in stomatal conductance that occurs in all plants at elevated [CO2] can reduce canopy water use and indirectly enhance carbon gain by ameliorating drought stress. However, canopy micrometeorology constrains reductions in water use at the whole-plant level compared to the leaf level. C4 photosynthesis is not directly stimulated by free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) of CO2 in the field. However, reduced water use can indirectly enhance carbon gain by ameliorating stress in times and places of drought. There are commonalities and important distinctions between plant responses to growth at elevated [CO2] under FACE versus controlled environment chambers. In FACE experiments: (1) the enhancement of photosynthesis and productivity by elevated [CO2] is sustained over time; (2) the decrease in carboxylation capacity and leaf N characteristic of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] is consistent with an optimization of metabolic efficiency rather than a general down-regulation of metabolism, and (3) the enhancement effect of elevated [CO2] is greatest for photosynthesis, intermediate for biomass accumulation, and lowest for crop yield. Plant responses to elevated [CO2] have the potential to influence the global carbon cycle and climate in the future, but the complexity of scaling from the leaf to whole plant, canopy, ecosystem and biosphere make it unclear to what extent this will be realized. Elevated [CO2] will probably offset some of the future losses in crop yield caused by increased temperature and drought stress, but not to the extent previously thought. Expanding FACE experimentation to consider multiple elements of global change across a wider geographic range and more ecosystem types should be a priority if we are to minimize the problems, and maximize the benefits, of climate change impacts on ecosystem good and services.

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Abbreviations

[CO2] –:

CO2 concentration;

A – :

Rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation;

A′ – :

Rate of daily photosynthetic CO2 assimilation;

A c ′ –:

Rate of daily canopy photosynthetic CO2 assimilation;

A/c i –:

Photosynthetic CO2-response curve;

A sat – :

Light-saturated rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation;

c a – :

Atmospheric CO2 concentration;

c i – :

Intercellular CO2 concentration of leaf;

ci/ca – :

Ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 concentration;

E – :

Leaf transpiration;

ET – :

Evapotranspiration;

FACE –:

Free air concentration enrichment;

g s – :

Stomatal conductance;

g m –:

Mesophyll conductance;

GPP –:

Gross primary productivity;

J – :

Rate of electron transport;

J max –:

Maximum apparent electron transport capacity;

K m – :

Michaelis-Menton constant;

kc cat –:

Catalytic turnover number of RuBP carboxylation by Rubisco;

l – :

Stomatal limitation to photosynthesis;

LAI –:

Leaf area index;

N –:

Nitrogen;

NPP –:

Net primary productivity;

OTC –:

Open top chamber;

PEPc –:

phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase;

PPFD –:

Photosynthetic photon flux density;

RH –:

Relative humidity;

Rubisco –:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase;

RuBP –:

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate;

T –:

Temperature;

TPU –:

Triose phosphate utilization;

V cmax – :

Maximum apparent carboxylation capacity of Rubisco;

t -:

Rubisco specificity for CO2 relative to O2

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Aleel K. Grennan for her constructive comments on the draft manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Andrew D. B. Leakey

  2. USDA/ARS, Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Elizabeth A. Ainsworth

  3. USDA/ARS, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Carl J. Bernacchi

  4. Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Xinguang Zhu

  5. Plant Systems Biology Group, Institute of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Max Planck Society of Germany, Shanghai, China

    Xinguang Zhu

  6. Department of Plant Biology and Department of Crop Science, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Stephen P. Long

  7. USDA/ARS, Department of Plant Biology, Department of Crop Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Donald R. Ort

Authors
  1. Andrew D. B. Leakey
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  2. Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
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  3. Carl J. Bernacchi
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  4. Xinguang Zhu
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  5. Stephen P. Long
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  6. Donald R. Ort
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donald R. Ort .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Julian J. Eaton-Rye

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of New Delhi, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

  3. Biochemistry Building 410, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA

    Thomas D. Sharkey

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© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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Leakey, A.D.B., Ainsworth, E.A., Bernacchi, C.J., Zhu, X., Long, S.P., Ort, D.R. (2012). Photosynthesis in a CO2-Rich Atmosphere. In: Eaton-Rye, J., Tripathy, B., Sharkey, T. (eds) Photosynthesis. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 34. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_29

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