Abstract
Previously, it has been observed that the internal circulation (ion leakage) of calcium from a coniferous forest is caused by uptake of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Here we show that this correlation was not changed when the forest floor is covered with a roof. The reaction takes place in the canopy and is not influenced by deposition and root uptake of calcium and sulphate. The ion leakage of calcium is linked to the loss of acidity in throughfall. The process can, for one of the catchments, schematically be written: SO2 + H2o + 0.5 o2 + 0.58 CaA2 → SO4 2− + 0.94 H+ + 0.58 Ca2+ + 1.16 HA, in which A denotes the anion to a weak acid. This reaction also takes place today when the So2 concentration is very low, but when the precipitation is still acidic. The ion leakage of manganese also is caused by the uptake of So2, but only 0.12 manganese ions are released per SO2 molecule.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ferm, M. and Hultberg, H.: 1995, ‘Method to estimate atmospheric deposition of base cations in coniferous throughfall’, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 85, 2229–2234.
Ferm, M. and Hultberg, H.: 1998, ‘Atmospheric Deposition to the Gårdsjon Research Area’, in H. Hultberg and R. A. Skeffington (eds), Experimental Reversal of Acid Rain Effects: The Gårdsjön Roof Project, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., London, UK, pp. 71–84.
Ferm, M. and Hultberg, H.: 1999, ‘Dry deposition and internal circulation of nitrogen, sulphur and base cations to a coniferous forest’, Atmos. Environ. 33, 4421–4430.
Ferm, M., Westling, O. and Hultberg, H.: 2000, ‘Atmospheric deposition of base cations, nitrogen and sulphur in coniferous forests in Sweden-a test of a new surrogate surface’, Boreal Environ. Res. 5, 197–207.
Fink, S.: 1991, ‘The micromorhological distribution of bound calcium in needles of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]’, New Phytol. 119, 33–40.
Garten, T. C. Jr. Bondietti, E. A. and Lomax, R. D.: 1988, ‘Contribution of foliar leaching and dry deposition to sulfate in net throughfall below deciduous trees’, Atmos. Environ. 22, 1425–1432.
Hedin, L. O., Granat, L., Likens, G. E., Buishand, T. A., Galloway, J. N., Butler, T. J. and Rodhe, H.: 1994, ‘Steep declines in atmospheric base cations in regions of Europe and North America’, Nature 367, 351–354.
Hultberg, H. and Ferm M.: 1995, ‘Measurements of atmospheric deposition and internal circulation of base cations to a forested catchment area’, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 85, 2235–2240.
Hultberg, H. and Grennfelt, P.: 1992, ‘Sulphur and seasalt deposition as reflected by throughfall and runoff chemistry in forested catchments’, Environ. Pollut. 75, 215–222.
Hultberg, H. and Skeffington, R. A. (eds): 1998, Experimental Reversal of Acid Rain Effects: The Gårdsjön Roof Project, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., London, UK, 484 pp.
Hultberg, H. and Ferm, M.: 2004, ‘Temporal changes and fluxes in wet and dry deposition, internal circulation as well as in runoff in a coniferous forest in Sweden during two decades’, Biogeochemistry, in press.
Hultberg, H., Grennfelt, R. and Olsson, B.: 1983, ‘Sulphur and chloride deposition and ecosystem transport in a strongly acidified lake watershed’, Water Sci. Technol. 15, 81–103.
Igawa, M., Kase, T., Satake, K. and Okochi, H.: 2002, ‘Severe leaching of calcium ions from fir needles caused by acid fog’, Environ. Pollut. 119, 375–382.
Linberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. and Johnson, D.W.: 1986, ‘Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest’, Science 231, 141–145.
Lindberg, S. E. and Garten, C. T. Jr.: 1988, ‘Sources of sulphur in forest canopy throughfall’, Nature 336, 148–151.
Linberg, S. E. and Lovett, G. M.: 1992, ‘Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne sulfur: Results from the integrated forest study’, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 1477–1492.
Skeffington, R. A. and Sutherland, R. M.: 1995, ‘The effects of So2 and o3 fumigation on acid deposition and foliar leaching in the Liphook forest fumigation experiment’, Plant, Cell Environ. 18, 247–261.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferm, M., Hultberg, H. (2004). Neutralisation of Sulphur Dioxide Deposition in a Coniferous Canopy. In: Wieder, R.K., Novák, M., Vile, M.A. (eds) Biogeochemical Investigations of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Wetland Ecosystems across the Globe. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0952-2_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3751-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0952-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive