Abstract
Increased use of renewable energy sources is one of the key assumptions of EU sustainable development in energy sector and in fulfilling the request of decreasing greenhouse gases emissions. In its energy strategy, Croatia has accepted the basic EU guidelines in that area. It is also preparing to contribute to that European initiative. There are still some questions at the level of EU goals as well as in the Croatian future energy plan. Those questions relate to technical, economic and environmental parameters in connection with the future development. Feasibility of certain goals can be called into question, maybe not so much at the level of the entire EU but at the level of certain member states. What is the position of Croatia in that development? The article will briefly elaborate EU goals and the position of certain member states in implementation of those goals. The commitments of the Republic of Croatia and its possibilities and perspectives in realization of the set goals shall be analyzed and presented.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels for transport produced from biomass
- 2.
Document 7775/1/06 Rev 10 of March 2006
- 3.
“Gross final consumption of energy” (GFEC) means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heating distribution and transmission.
- 4.
GFEC was determined based on Eurostat data except for the losses in head production and distribution identified as a percentage of gross heat output (7% losses in production, 13% losses in distribution)
- 5.
Mtoe, million tons of oil equivalent, 41.868 × 106 GJ
- 6.
The results are based on Eurostat data. However, there is a certain difference with respect to the data published in [5] for some countries. The total amount obtained is 8% as compared to 8.6% in [5]. The highest difference is for Sweden (30.8% instead of 39.8%), Denmark (11% instead of 17%), and Finland (24.3% instead of 28.5%). It is not possible to identify the reason for those differences.
- 7.
European Forest Sector Outlook Study
- 8.
According to IPCC document “Good Practice Guidelines and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gases Inventory” biodegradable part of waste expressed as DOC (Degradable Organic Carbon) is defined by the following expressions DOC = 0.4A + 0.17B + 0.15C + 0.3D, where A - share in paper and textile waste, B - share in garden and similar waste, C - waste from food processing, and D - wood and agricultural waste.
- 9.
Excluding pumping.
- 10.
Source: Eurostat data 2001–2006.
References
Directive 2001/77/EC of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market;
Directive 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport
EU energy and transport in figures, Statistical Pocketbook 2009
Renewable Energy Road Map, Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future, COM(2006) 848 final, Brussels 10.1.2007
Directive 2009/28/EC of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, Brussels
Biomass action Plan, COM(2005) 628, Brussels, 7.12.2005
Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap, 20% by 2020, European Renewable Energy Council, 2008.
Wood resources availability and demands - implications of renewable energy policy, UNECE, FAO, University Hamburg, 2007.
System Adequacy Forecast 2009-2020, UCTE, January 5th 2009
Stručne podloge za izradu Prijedloga akcijskog plana za obnovljive izvore energije u Republici Hrvatskoj, Rev. 6, Ekonerg 2009.
Strategija energetskog razvoja Republike Hrvatske, nacrt Bijele knjige, travanj 2009.
Additional Literature and Sources of Data
Energy and environment report 2008, EEA Report, No 6/2008
Green Paper - A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, COM(2006) 105 final, Brussels, 8.3.2006
Annex to the Green Paper, A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, What is at stake - Background document COM(2006) 105 final
Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 20 20 by 2020, Europe’s climate change opportunity, COM(2008) 30 final, Brussels, 23.1.2008
Green Paper follow-up action - Report on progress in renewable electricity, COM(2006) 849 final, Brussels, 10.1.2007
Commission staff working document: The support of electricity from renewable energy sources - Accompanying document to the Proposal for a Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, Brussels, 23.1.2008, SEC(2008) 57
The EU’s Target for Renewable Energy: 20% by 2020, Volume I: Report, House of Lords, European Union Committee, 27th Report of Session 2007–08, 24 October 2008
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, CEC, COM(2006) 545 final, Brussels, 19.10.2006
Benchmark of Bioenergy Permitting Procedures in the European Union, Ecofys, Golder Associates, 2009
Directive 2004/8/EC of the 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the integral energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC
Commission decision of 21 December 2006 establishing harmonised efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat in application of Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2007/74/EC
European Energy and Transport, Trends to 2030-Update 2007, EC Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, European Communities, 2008, ISBN 978-92-79-07620-6
Renewable Energy Made in Germany, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, March 2008
R. Edwards (IES), S. Szekeres (IPTS), F. Neuwahl (IPTS), V. Mahieu (IES), Biofuels in the European Context: Facts, Uncertainties and Recommendations, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 23260 EN, European Communities, 2008, ISBN 978-92-79-08393-8
M. W. Kennedy, Where is European Electricity supply going?, presentation, Ekonerg, Zagreb, May 2009
An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, Europe’s current and future energy position, Demand-resources-investments, COM(2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008.
An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, Energy Sources, Production Costs and Performance of Technologies for Power Generation, Heating and Transport, COM(2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008.
An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, The Market for Solid Fuels in the EU in 2004-2006 and Trends in 2007, COM(2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008.
An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, Second Strategic Energy Review, COM(2008) 781 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008.
EU Energy in figures 2009, Part 2: Energy
EU Energy in figures 2009, Part 4: Environment
EU Energy in figures 2009, Greenhouse Gas Emission by Sector
EU Energy in figures 2009, Greenhouse Gas Emission from Transport by Mode
EU Energy in figures 2009, Electricity Generation from Renewables
Energija u Hrvatskoj, GodiŠnji energetski pregled 2007. Ministarstvo gospodarstva, rada i poduzetniŠtva, ISSN 1847-0602
Directive 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport
Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy - White Paper for a Community Strategy and Action Plan, COM(97)599
Green Paper, Towards a secure, sustainable and competitive European energy network, COM(2008) 782 final, Brussels, 13.11.2008
An EU Strategy for Biofuels, COM(2006) 34, Brussels, 8.2.2006
Biofuels Progress Report, Report on the progress made in the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the Member States of the EU, COM(2006) 845, Brussels, 10.1.2007
B. Thomsen, Draft Report on a Roadmap for Renewable Energy in Europe (2007/2090 (INI)), European Parliament, Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, 11.5.2007
Offshore Wind Energy: Action needed to deliver on the Energy Policy Objectives for 2020 and beyond, COM(2008) 768, Brussels, 13.11.2008
A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan), Towards a low carbon future, COM(2007) 723, Brussels, 22.11.2007
Update of the Nuclear Illustrative Programme in the Context of the Second Strategic Energy Review, COM(2008) 776, Brussels, 13.11.2008
Impact of large amount of wind power on design and operation of power systems, http://www.ieawind.org/AnnexXXV/Task25_Publications.html
J. M. Farley, “Capture-Ready”“: A global example, Power-Gen Europe 2009, Koeln, Germany
M Schuknecht, L. Kirchner, R. Winter, Third Party Concept - Carbon Capture Readiness, Power-Gen Europe 2009, Koeln, Germany
J. Kreusel, ABB AG, Germany, When grids get smart - the way towards the power system oft he future, Power-Gen Europe 2009, Koeln, Germany
Statistical Yearbook UCTE 2007
Green Paper on Energy Efficiency or Doing More With Less, COM(2005) 265 final, Brussels, 22.6.2005.
Energy, Yearly Statistics 2006, Eurostat, 2008 edition
Acknowledgments
The article is a part o the scientific project No. 177-0000000-1931 realised with the support of Ministry of science, education and sports.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Malbaša, N. (2010). Goals of the European Union in Using Renewable Energy Sources and Abilities of the Republic of Croatia in Realization of Those Goals. In: Barbir, F., Ulgiati, S. (eds) Energy Options Impact on Regional Security. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9565-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9565-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-9564-0
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-9565-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)