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The Chloroplast pp 245–262Cite as

Chapter 17 The Plastid Genome as a Platform for the Expression of Microbial Resistance Genes

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Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

Stagnation in absolute yield increases of major food and fiber crops around the world is raising awareness that breeding for quantitative yield characteristics will most likely be insufficient to meet the needs of the burgeoning global population. Additionally the attractive agronomic characteristics of high absolute yield and disease resistance have been challenging to stack into new cultivars by classical breeding. Losses incurred along the production-consumption continuum are not considered in evaluations of yield stability. Reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization indicate that up to 25% of all food productivity is lost due to post-harvest variables including pre-harvest infestations which result in accumulation of toxic metabolites in storage. Annual losses caused by mycotoxigenic fungi, such as members of the genus Aspergillus, can potentially reach up to a billion dollars due to market rejection and animal health impacts. Aflatoxin B1, the most prevalent of the toxins produced by a number of Aspergillus and Emericella species, is classified as a class 1 carcinogen. Around the globe effective management programs for the detection and elimination of aflatoxins presents a major challenge. Much attention has been focused on implementing strategies to prevent pre-harvest infestation by Aspergillus flavus, the major source of aflatoxin contamination in food and feed crops. Genetic improvement of susceptible crop species may enhance resistance to microbial pathogens and facilitate reduced pesticide load, yet the possibility for transmission of novel genes to wild relatives has hampered acceptance of GM crops in some markets. Chloroplast transformation presents an attractive alternative to nuclear transformation and offers the potential to ameliorate this and other environmental concerns. Most agronomically important species exhibit maternal inheritance of organellar genomes eliminating the threat of transgene escape through pollen. Additionally, gene silencing is absent due to site directed, single copy insertion by homologous recombination. Foreign proteins can accumulate to high levels and are retained within the chloroplast envelope protecting them from degradation by host cytoplasmic proteases. In this study, a bacterial chloroperoxidase gene (cpo-p) was transformed into the tobacco chloroplast genome to test its efficacy against several plant pathogens and Aspergillus flavus.

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Abbreviations

AFB1:

Aspergillus flavus toxin B1

AMP:

Antimicrobial peptides

Bt:

Bacillus thuringiensis

CGIAR:

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CaMV:

cauliflower mosaic virus

CPO-P:

chloroperoxidase from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration, USA

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IR:

inverted repeat

KSA:

Kernel screening assay

LPS:

lipopolysaccharides

PAMP:

pathogen associated molecular pattern

PEP:

plastid encoded RNA polymerase

PRR:

pattern recognition receptors

Prrn:

plastid ribosomal operon promoter

RBS:

ribosome binding site

SRRC:

Southern Regional Research Center

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

UTR:

untranslated region

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA

    Tracey A. Ruhlman, Jeffrey W. Cary & Kanniah Rajasekaran

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  1. Tracey A. Ruhlman
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  2. Jeffrey W. Cary
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  3. Kanniah Rajasekaran
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Correspondence to Tracey A. Ruhlman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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Ruhlman, T.A., Cary, J.W., Rajasekaran, K. (2010). Chapter 17 The Plastid Genome as a Platform for the Expression of Microbial Resistance Genes. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_17

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