Abstract
Land irrigation is playing a major role in enhancing food and livelihood security in the world over. Nevertheless, a typical scenario in the ground water-irrigated regions has emerged; the areas characterized by water scarcity also usually have underlying aquifers of poor quality. Though possibilities have now emerged to safely use waters otherwise designated unfit if the characteristics of water, soil, and intended usages are known. But it is neither feasible nor economical to use highly saline waters for crop production, especially on lands that are already degraded. Best land use under such situations is to retire these areas to alternative uses through agroforestry. With growing scientific and social recognition of many diversified uses of salt-tolerant plants, the research efforts have led to the development of planting technique and other practices for critical management of salts and water in root zone so as to rehabilitate the degraded lands successfully using saline irrigation. Several salt-tolerant plants have been identified with benefits as fuelwood, greening, fruits, forage, and medicinal and aromatic uses in addition to allowing for crop production activity underneath these (agroforestry). Many halophytes also have potential to be used as traditional food, forages and animal feeds, oil seeds, and energy crops.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdullah M, Akram M, Khan WA, Davidson NJ (1993) Selecting halophytic shrubs for the Cholistan desert. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 45–48
Abideen Z, Ansari R, Khan MA (2011) Halophytes: potential source of ligno-cellulosic biomass for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 35:1818–1822
Adolf VI, Jacobsen SE, Shabala S (2013) Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Env Exp Bot 92:43–54
Ahmad R, Ismail S (1993a) Provenance trials in Pakistan: a synthesis. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 62–65
Ahmad R, Ismail S (1993b) Studies on selection of salt-tolerant plants for food, fodder and fuel from world flora. In: Lieth H, Al Masoom AA (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants (Vol 2): agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions, tasks for vegetation science 28. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 295–304
Ahmad R, Khan D, Ismail S (1985) Growth of Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach in coastal sand using highly saline water for irrigation. Pakistan J Bot 17(2):229–233
Ahmad R, Ismail S, Khan D (1987) Saline agriculture at coastal sandy belt. Final Research Report of Coordinated Research Program on Saline Agriculture. Karachi University/PARC, p 183
Aksoy U, Anac S, Anac D, Can HZ (1997) The effect of ground water salinity on satsuma mandarins: preliminary results. Acta Hortic 449:629–633
Aragues R, Puy J, Royo A, Espada JL (2005) Three yield field response of young olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv Arbequina) to soil salinity: trunk growth and leaf ion accumulation. Plant Soil 271:265–273
Armitage FB (1984) Irrigated forestry in arid and semi-arid lands: a synthesis. IDRC, Ottawa, p 160
Aronson JA (1989) HALOPH-a data base of salt tolerant plants of the world. Office of Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, p 77
Aronson JA, Pasternak D, Danon A (1988) Introduction and first evaluation of 120 halophytes under seawater irrigation. In: Whitehead EE, Hutchinson CF, Timmermann BN, Varady RG (eds) Arid lands- today and tomorrow. Westview Press, Colorado, pp 737–746
Aslam Z, Mujtab M, Alshtar J, Waheed R, Malik KA, Naqvi M (1993) Biological methods for economically utilizing salt-affected soils in Pakistan. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 29–31
Bandara G, Morris J, Stackpole D, Collopy J (2002) Soil profile monitoring at irrigated plantation sites in northern Victoria: progress report 2001. CFTT Report No. 2002/025, Forest Science Centre, Melbourne
Banuls J, Primo-Millo E (1995) Effects of salinity on some Citrus scion-rootstock combinations. Ann Bot 76:97–102
Barrett-Lennard EG (2003) Saltland pastures in Australia-a practical guide (Second Edition). State of western Australia and CRC for plant-based management of dryland salinity, South Perth, Western Australia, p 176
Bernstein L (1980) Salt tolerance of fruit crops. USDA Inform Bull 292
Bielorai H, Shalhevet J, Levy Y (1983) The effect of high sodium irrigation water on soil salinity and yield of mature grapefruit orchard. Irrig Sci 4:255–266
Bielorai H, Shalhevet J, Levy Y (1985) Grapefruit response to variable salinity in irrigation water and soil. In: Frenkel H, Meiri A (eds) Soil salinity, two decades of research in irrigated agriculture, vol 1. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, pp 321–330
Boman B (2000) Effect of saline irrigation water on citrus production. University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce
Carter CT, Grieve CM (2008) Mineral nutrition, growth and germination of Antirrhinum majus L. (Snapdragon) when produced under increasing saline conditions. Hortic Sci 43:710–718
Carter CT, Grieve CM, Poss JA (2005) Salinity effects on emergence, survival and ion accumulation of Limonium perezii. J Plant Nutr 28:1243–1257
Carter CT, Grieve CM, Poss JA (2006) Response of Matthiola incana to irrigation with saline waste waters. Hortic Sci 42:119–123
Cassaniti C, Romano D, Hop MECM, Flowers TJ (2013) Growing floricultural crops with brackish water. Env Exp Bot 92:165–175
Chaturvedi AN (1984) Firewood crops in areas of brackish water. Indian Forester 110(4):364–366
Chaturvedi AN (1985) Fuelwood farming in degraded lands in the Gangetic plains. UP Forest Bulletin 50, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
Dagar JC (2003) Biodiversity of Indian saline habitats and management & utilization of high Salinity tolerant plants with industrial application for rehabilitation of saline areas. In: Alsharhan AS, Wood WW, Goudie AS, Fowler A, Abdellatif EM (eds) Desertification in the third millennium. Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, pp 151–172
Dagar JC (2014) Greening salty and waterlogged lands through agroforestry systems for livelihood security and better environment. In: Dagar JC, Singh AK, Arunachalam A (eds) Agroforestry systems in India: livelihood security & environmental services-advances in agroforestry, vol 10. Springer, New Delhi/Dordrecht/New York, pp 273–332
Dagar JC, Singh G (2007) Biodiversity of saline and waterlogged environments: documentation, utilization and management. National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai, p 76
Dagar JC, Tomar OS, Kumar Y, Yadav RK (2004) Growing three aromatic grasses in different alkali soils in semi-arid regions of northern India. Land Degrad Dev 15:143–151
Dagar JC, Kumar Y, Tomar OS (2005) Performance of ornamental and medicinal periwinkle under saline environment. Indian J Hortic 62(2):175–180
Dagar JC, Tomar OS, Kumar Y, Bhagwan H, Yadav RK, Tyagi NK (2006) Performance of some under-explored crops under saline irrigation in a semi-arid climate in northwest India. Land Degrad Dev 17:285–299
Dagar JC, Tomar OS, Minhas PS, Singh G, Jeet-Ram (2008) Dryland biosaline agriculture -Hisar experience. Tech Bull 6. CSSRI, Karnal, p 28
Dagar JC, Rao GG, Shukla YK, Sharma HB (2009) Performance of three flower-yielding plants in different sodic soils. Indian J Hortic 66(3):404–409
Dagar JC, Yadav RK, Ahamad S (2012) Euphorbia antisyphilitica: a potential petro-crop for degraded calcareous soils and saline water irrigation in dry regions of India. J Soil Salinity Water Qual 4(2):86–91
Dagar JC, Tomar OS, Minhas PS, Mukesh K (2013) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) productivity as affected by salinity of irrigation water, planting method and fertilizer doses on degraded calcareous soil in a semi-arid region of northwest India. Indian J Agric Sci 83(7):734–738
Dagar JC, Yadav RK, Minhas PS, Tomar OS, Gajender, Lal K (2015) Fruit-based agroforestry systems for saline water irrigated semi-arid hyperthermic camborthids regions of north-west India. Agrofor Syst DOI 10.1007/s10457-015-9889-4 (in print)
Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) (1993) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, p 124
Gallagher JI (1985) Halophytic crops for cultivation at seawater salinity. Plant Soil 89:323–336
Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA (1995) Salinisation of land and water resources: human causes, extent, management and case studies. CABI Publishing, Wallingford
Glenn EP, O’Leary JW, Watson MC, Thompsom TL, Kuehl RO (1991) Salicornia-bigelovii Trr – an oilseed halophyte for seawater irrigation. Science 251:1065–1067
Grieve CM, Poss JA, Shouse PJ (2008a) Modeling growth of Matthiola incana in response to saline waste waters differing in nitrogen level. Hortic Sci 43(6):1787–1793
Grieve CM, Wu L, Rollins L, Harivandi A (2008b) Tolerance to landscape plants of salinity and of specific ions. In: (Chapter V) A comprehensive literature review on salt management guide for landscape irrigation with recycled water in coastal southern California. http://www.salinitymanagement.org
Gucci R, Tattini M (1997) Salinity tolerance in olive. Hortic Rev 21:177–214
Gupta RK, Singh NT, Sethi M (1994) Groundwater quality for irrigation in India (Map 1: 6 million scale), Bull 19. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal
Gupta RK, Tomar PS, Minhas PS (1995) Managing salty soils and waters for afforestation. Tech Bull No. 7/95. CSSRI, Karnal, p 23
Gururaja-Rao G, Nayak AK, Chinchmalatpure AR (2003) Salvadora persica: a life support species for salt affected black soils. Tech Bull 1/2003. CSSRI, Karnal, p 44
Gururaja-Rao G, Nayak AK, Chinchmalatpure AR, Nath A, Babu VR (2004) Growth and yield of Salvadora persica a facultative halophyte grown on saline black soil (vertic haplustept). Arid Land Res Manage 18:51–61
Hades A, Frankel H (1982) Infiltration as affected by long term use of sodic saline water for irrigation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 46:524–529
Hanjra SH, Rasool S (1993) Potential of Atriplex as forage for livestock in Pakistan. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 68–70
Hendricks RC, Bushnell DM (2008) Halophytes energy feed stocks: back to our roots. In: The 12th international symposium on transport phenomena and dynamic of rotation machinery, Honolulu, Hawaii, 17–22 Feb 2008, ISROMAC12-2008-20241, pp 1–11
Hillel D (2000) Salinity management for sustainable agriculture. The World Bank, Washington, DC
Hoffman GJ, Shannon MC, Mass EV, Grass L (1988) Rubber production of salt-stressed guayule at various plant populations. Irrig Sci 9:213–226
Hussain A, Gul P (1993) selection of tree species suitable for saline and waterlogged areas in Pakistan. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 53–55
Jain BL, Goyal RS, Muthana KD (1983) Performance of some tree species in relation to irrigation with saline waters. Ann Arid Zone 22:233–238
Jain BL, Muthana KD, Goyal RS (1985) Performance of tree species in salt-affected soils in arid regions. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 33:221–224
Jaradat AA (2003) Halophytes for sustainable farming systems in the Middle East. In: Alsharhan AS, Wood WW, Goudie AS, Fowler A, Abdellatif EM (eds) Desertification in the third millennium. Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, pp 187–204
Kamiab F, Talaie A, Javanshah A, Khezri M, Khalighi A (2012) Effect of long-term salinity on growth, chemical composition and mineral elements of pistachio (Pistacia vera cv Badami-Zarand) rootstock seedlings. Ann Bio Res 3(12):5545–5551
Kefu Z, Zi-Yi C, Shou-Jin F, Giang HX, Hai F, Zeng LF, Harris PJC (1995) Halophytes in China. In: Khan MA, Ungar IA (eds) Biology of salt tolerant plants. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, pp 284–293
Klein L, Ben-Tal Y, Lavee S, David I (1994) Saline irrigation of cv Manzanillo and Uovo De piccione trees. Acta Hortic 356:176–180
Le Houerou HN (1994) Forage halophytes and salt-tolerant fodder crops in the Mediterranean basin. In: Squires VR, Ayou AT (eds) Halophytes as a resources for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded land. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 123–137
Leith H, Lohmann M, Guth M, Menzel U (2000) Cash crop halophytes for future halophytes growers. Institute of Environmental System Research, University of Osnabreuck, Osnabreuck, p 32
Levy Y, Syvertsen J (2004) Irrigation water quality and salinity effects in citrus trees. Hortic Rev 30:37–82
Liu XZ, Wang CZ, Su Q, Lib CK (2012) The potential resource of halophytes for developing bio-energy in China coastal zone. Herald J Agric Food Sci Res 1:44–51
Malik KA, Aslam Z, Naqui M (1986) Kallar grass: a plant for saline land. Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, p 93
Marcar NE, Khanna PK (1997) Reforestation of salt-affected and acid soils. In: Nambier EKS, Brown AG (eds) Management of soil, nutrients and water in tropical plantation forests. ACIAR monograph 43, Canberra, Australia, pp 481–524
Marcar NE, Morris J (2005) Plantation productivity in saline landscapes. In: Nambiar EKS, Ferguson J (eds) New forests: wood production and environmental services. CSIRO, Collingwood, pp 51–74
Marcar NE, Crewford DF, Leppert PM (1993) The potential of trees for utilization and management of salt-affected land. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia, pp 17–22
Marcone MF (2003) Batis maritime (Saltwort/Beachwort): a nutritious, halophytic, seed bearings, perennial shrub for cultivation and recovery of otherwise unproductive agriculture land affected by salinity. Food Res Int 36:123–130
Mass EV (1986) Salt tolerance in plants. Appl Agric Res 1:12–26
Meena RL, Ambast SK, Gupta SK, Chinchmalatpure AR, Sharma DK (2014) Performance of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) as influenced by saline water irrigation and organic input management in semi-arid conditions. J Soil Salinity Water Qual 6(1):52–58
Minhas PS (1996) Saline water management for irrigation in India. Agric Water Manage 30:1–24
Minhas PS (2012) Sustainable management of brackish-water agriculture. Soil water and agronomic productivity. In: Lal R, Stewart BA (eds) Adv Soil Sci. 19:289–327
Minhas PS, Bajwa MS (2001) Use and management of poor quality waters in rice-wheat production system. J Crop Prod 4:273–306
Minhas PS, Gupta RK (1992) Quality of irrigation water: assessment and management. ICAR, New Delhi, p 123
Minhas PS, Samra JS (2004) Waste water use in Peri-urban agriculture: impacts and opportunities. Tech Bull 1/2004. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India, p 78
Minhas PS, Singh YP, Tomar OS, Gupta RK, Gupta Raj K (1996) Effect of saline irrigation and its schedules on growth, biomass production and water use by Acacia and Dalbergia on a highly calcareous soil. J Arid Environ 36:181–192
Minhas PS, Singh YP, Tomar OS, Gupta RK, Gupta Raj K (1997) Saline water irrigation for the establishment of furrow planted trees in northwestern India. Agrofor Syst 35:177–186
Minhas PS, Yadav RK, Lal K, Chaturvedi RK (2015) Effect of long-term irrigation with wastewater on growth, biomass production and water use by Eucalyptus tereticornis planted at variable stocking density. Agric Water Manage 152:151–160
Morris J, Bickford R, Collopy J (1994) Tree and shrub performance and soil conditions in a plantation irrigated with saline ground water. Res. Report No. 357. Dept. Conserv and Natural Resource, Victoria, p 37
Munns R (1993) Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soil: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell Environ 16:15–24
NAS (1990) Saline agriculture: salt-tolerant plants for developing countries. National Academy of Science (NAS), Washington, DC, p 143
Niu G, Cabrera RI (2010) Growth and physiological responses to landscape plants to saline water irrigation-a review. Hortic Sci 45(11):1605–1609
O’Connor GA, Elliott HA, Bastian RK (2008) Degraded water reuse: an overview. J Environ Qual 37(5):S157–S168
Panta S, Flowers T, Lane P, Doyle R, Haros G (2014) Halophytes agriculture: success stories. Env Exp Bot 107:71–83
Pearlsteina SL, Felger RS, Glenn EP, Harringtond J, Al-Ghanem KA, Nel-sona SG (2012) NyPa (Distichlis palmeri): a potential grain crop for saltwater irrigation. J Arid Environ 82:60–70
Picchioni GA, Miyamoto S (1990) Salt effects on growth and ion uptake of pistachio rootstock seedlings. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 115(4):647–653
Qadir M, Ahmad N, Qureshi RH, Ilyas M (1995) Role of salt tolerant plants to reduce salination and sodification. In: Khan MA, Ungar IA (eds) Biology of salt tolerant plants. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, pp 371–379
Qureshi RH, Aslam M, Rafiq M (1993a) Expansion in the use of forage halophytes in Pakistan. Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, pp 12–16
Qureshi RH, Nawaz S, Mahmood T (1993b) Performance of selected tree species under saline-sodic field conditions in Pakistan. In: Lieth H, Al Masoom AA (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants (Vol 2): agriculture and forestry under marginal soil water conditions, tasks for vegetation science 28. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 259–269
Rashid A, Khattak JK, Khan MZ, Iqbal MJ, Akbar F, Khan P (1993) Selection of halophytic forage shrubs for the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds) Productive use of saline land. ACIAR proceedings No. 42, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, pp 56–61
Reddy MP, Shah MT, Patolia JS (2008) Salvadora persica, a potential species for industrial oil production in semiarid saline and alkali soils. Ind Crop Prod 28:273–278
Rogers AL (1985) Foliar salt in Eucalyptus species. Aust For Res 15:9–16
Schofield NJ (1992) Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia. Agrofor Syst 20:1–23
Shillo R, Ding M, Pasternak D, Zaccai M (2002) Cultivation of cut flower and bulb species with saline water. Sci Hortic 92:41–54
Skimina CA (1992) Recycling water, nutrients and waste in the nursery industry. Hortic Sci 27:968–971
Stevens RM, Sweeney SM, Meissner AP, Frahn WA, Davies G (1999) Survival, growth and water use of a range of tree species irrigated with saline drainage water. Aust For 62:97–105
Tanwar BS (2003) Saline water management for irrigation. Work Team Paper on Use of Poor Quality Water for Irrigation (WT-PQW). International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), New Delhi, p 123
Tewari JC, Ram M, Roy MM, Dagar JC (2014) Livelihood improvements and climate change adaptations through agroforestry in hot arid environments. In: Dagar JC, Singh AK, Arunachalam A (eds) Agroforestry systems in India: livelihood security & environmental services-advances in agroforestry, vol 10. Springer, pp 155–184
Theiveyanathan S, Benyon RG, Polglase P, Falkiner RA, Myers BJ, Rushdy El-Gendy (2000) Irrigation management of tree plantations in the southern Murray-Darling Basin. In: GJ Connellan GJ (ed) Proceedings of the conference water — essential for life, Irrigation Association of Australia, Melbourne, Australia, 23–25 May 2000, pp 52–61
Thorburn PJ, Walker GR, Jolly ID (1995) Uptake of saline groundwater by plants: an analytical model for semi-arid and arid areas. Plant Soil 175:1–11
Tomar OS, Gupta RK (1985) Performance of some forest tree species in saline soils under shallow and saline water table conditions. Plant Soil 87:329–335
Tomar OS, Minhas PS (1998) Afforestation of salt-affected soils. In: Tyagi NK, Minhas PS (eds) Agricultural salinity management in India. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, pp 453–471
Tomar OS, Minhas PS (2002) Performance of some ornamental winter annual flowering species under saline irrigation. Indian J Hortic 59(2):201–206
Tomar OS, Minhas PS (2004a) Relative performance of aromatic grasses under saline irrigation. Indian J Agron 49(3):207–208
Tomar OS, Minhas PS (2004b) Performance of medicinal plant species under saline irrigation. Indian J Agron 49(3):209–211
Tomar OS, Minhas PS, Sharma VK, Gupta RK (2003a) Response of nine forage grasses to saline irrigation and its schedules in a semi-arid climate of north-west India. J Arid Environ 55:533–544
Tomar OS, Minhas PS, Sharma VK, Singh YP, Gupta RK (2003b) Performance of 31 tree species and soil condition in a plantation established with saline irrigation. For Ecol Manage 177:333–346
Tomar OS, Dagar JC, Minhas PS (2010) Evaluation of sowing methods, irrigation schedules, chemical fertilizer doses and varieties of Plantago ovata Forsk to rehabilitate degraded calcareous lands irrigated with saline water in dry regions of north western India. Arid Land Res Manage 24:133–151
Wang L, Zhao ZY, Zhang K, Tian CY (2012) Oil content and fatty acid composition of dimorphic seeds of desert halophytes Suaeda aralocaspica. Afr J Agric Res 7(12):1910–1914
Watson MC, O’Leary JW, Glenn EP (1987) Evaluation of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. and Atriplex nummularia Lindl. As irrigated forage crops. J Arid Environ 13:293–303
Weber DJ, Gul B, Khan MA, Williams T, Wayman P, Warner S (2001) Comparision of vegetable oil from seeds of native halophytic shrubs. In: McArthur ED, Fairbanks DJ (eds) Proceedings of the Shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity. RMRS-P-21, USDA Forest Service, Ogden UT, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USA, pp 287–290
Weissbein S, Wiesman Z, Ephrath Y, Silberbush M (2008) Vegetative and reproductive response of olive cultivars to moderate saline water irrigation. Hortic Sci 43(2):320–327
Wiesman Z, Itzhak D, Ben-Dom N (2004) Optimization of saline water level for sustainable Bornea olice and oil production in desert conditions. Sci Hortic 100:257–266
Yadav JSP (1991) Problems and potentials of reforestation of salt affected soils in India. Report of Regional W/E Development Programme in Asia (GCP/RAS/III/NET). Bangkok, FAO Field Document 14, p 56
Yajun B, Xiaojing L, Weiqiang L (2003) Primary analysis of four salt tolerant plants growing in Hai-He plain, China. In: Leith H, Mochtchenko M (eds) Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Kluwer, London, pp 135–138
Zarrouk M, El Almi H, Ben Youssef N, Sleimi N, Smaoui A, Ben Miled D, Abdelly C (2003) Lipid composition of seed of local halophytes: Cakile maritime, Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum. In: Leith H, Mochtchenko M (eds) Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Kluwer, London, pp 121–124
Zeinadini A, Etesami H, Nagad-Mashizi SG (2009) Effect of the developing saline water on the quality of irrigation waters and soils physicochemical characteristics of pistachio cultivation of Sirjan area. World Appl Sci J 6(6):748–753
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dagar, J.C., Minhas, P.S. (2016). Saline Irrigation for Productive Agroforestry Systems. In: Dagar, J., Minhas, P. (eds) Agroforestry for the Management of Waterlogged Saline Soils and Poor-Quality Waters. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 13. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2659-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2659-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2657-4
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2659-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)