Abstract
Fungicide resistance emerged as a practical disease control problem in the 1970s, but it was the outcome of two workshops in Wageningen in 1980 and 1981 that set the framework for research to tackle the problem. Some but not all fungicides quickly select already-existing resistant mutants from within target pathogen populations. Several mechanisms contribute to resistance, but where target-site changes predominate, cross resistance does not extend to other modes of action. Field efficacy and bioassay are key to confirming resistance, but molecular techniques are increasingly used to detect resistance and to augment biochemistry to determine mechanisms. Resistance is not inevitable but depends on the impact of both pathogen and fungicide properties on pathogen populations. Some factors can be manipulated to minimise resistance risk, and a cornerstone of anti-resistance strategies combines treatments with more than one mode of action, either in mixtures or in alternation. Controlled release formulations may also help reduce selection. Resistance has a financial cost to users and manufacturers and seriously reduces available modes of action. Consequently to combat resistance, fungicides should be embedded in integrated disease management systems.
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Acknowledgements
I am greatly indebted to both Dr Keith Brent and Professor Phil Russell for their many helpful suggestions during the preparation of this chapter.
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Hollomon, D.W. (2015). Fungicide Resistance: 40 Years on and Still a Major Problem. In: Ishii, H., Hollomon, D. (eds) Fungicide Resistance in Plant Pathogens. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55642-8_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55642-8_1
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