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Active Zone Assembly

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Abstract

The formation of neurotransmitter release sites, or active zones, is a fundamental process in neuronal development. It allows neurons to communicate with their targets through the regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter. To this end, active zones, including a complex network of presynaptic scaffolding proteins called the cytomatrix of active zones, have to be formed at defined sites inside an axon. This poses a substantial challenge to cellular transport and assembly mechanisms, because a complex network of cytomatrix proteins has to be formed exactly opposite postsynaptic specializations. A large number of proteins have been implicated in active zone assembly, but how these proteins interact to mediate the transport, recruitment, and organization of the cytomatrix network has remained unclear.

Here I will review and discuss current notions of the various steps required to ultimately form active zones in axons of vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. To execute the whole process, the cell biological machinery of a neuron appears to generate organelles designed for the transport of cytomatrix components; these organelles then undergo trafficking events that are regulated to ensure the deposition of cytomatrix material at nascent active zones. Local signals act to both capture and release cytomatrix material at active zones in a controlled manner. Cell adhesion molecules allow for transsynaptic signalling, to synchronize pre- and postsynaptic assembly. Various cell adhesion systems may cooperate to mediate the local assembly of active zones and to endow each active zone with its specific functional properties. Together, these events act to coordinate the process of active zone assembly, thus generating the output sites for synaptic signalling.

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  1. Institute for Anatomy and Embryology, Synaptogenesis Group, University Medical Center Goettingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Goettingen, Germany

    Thomas Dresbach

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  1. Thomas Dresbach
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Correspondence to Thomas Dresbach .

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  1. Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

    Sumiko Mochida

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Dresbach, T. (2015). Active Zone Assembly. In: Mochida, S. (eds) Presynaptic Terminals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55166-9_2

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